A wide variety of viruses, both RNA or DNA type, canestablish long-ter translation - A wide variety of viruses, both RNA or DNA type, canestablish long-ter Indonesian how to say

A wide variety of viruses, both RNA

A wide variety of viruses, both RNA or DNA type, can
establish long-term persistent infections, typically starting
as acute infections which then progress to latent or
persistent forms with periodic reactivation and transmission
to new hosts. Persistent viruses are a major cause of disease
in man; for example the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) responsible for the acquired immune deficiency
syndrome or the wide variety of human herpesviruses
Handling Editor: David Robinson
R. Nascimento (*)
:
H. Costa:
R. M. E. Parkhouse
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia,
Oeiras, Portugal
e-mail: rutenasc@igc.gulbenkian.pt
Protoplasma (2012) 249:519–528
DOI 10.1007/s00709-011-0327-9
responsible for infectious mononucleosis, shingles, buccal
and genital sores, and Kaposi's cell sarcoma. These are only
two of the many examples of diseases caused by virus
persistence, the study of which is a priority area in virology.
For a virus to persist in the host, it must be able to
maintain its viral genome in the host without creating a
cytopathic effect and without being detected by the many
mechanisms of the host immune system, yet, at the same
time, maintaining a strategy for transmission to another
host. Virus persistence in a noninfectious form between
episodes of viral reactivation and shedding of infectious
virus is named latency, with herpesviruses providing typical
examples. In contrast to latency, there other forms of
persistence where there is a continuous cycle of productive
infection and reinfection, with alternating cycles of viral
persistence and production of infectious virus (Redpath et
al.2001; Sullivan and Pipas 2002).
Whatever strategy a virus employs for its propagation,
all viruses have evolved appropriate and complementary
mechanisms for the manipulation and subversion of the
biology of the infected cell and the many defensive
mechanisms of the host innate and acquired immune
system. Indeed, the coevolution of virus and other
pathogens and their hosts has shaped the immune system.
This in turn has provided the selection pressure for the
development of more pathogen strategies for evading host
defenses (Vossen et al.2002). Thus the complexity of our
immune system reflects its coevolution with evolving
pathogen host evasion strategies. Basically, therefore,
the study of these strategies not only provides novel
approaches for the control of viruses and other pathogens but can also lead to discoveries in our cell biology
and immune system. For example, normal cells possess
elaborate pathways that receive and process growthstimulatory or growth-inhibitory signals transmitted by other
cells in the tissues or organism. Much of what we know about
these pathways comes from the study of the cellular genes
activated or transduced by viruses.
Manipulation of the host cell cycle is a frequent virus
strategy for host evasion, presumably in order to achieve a
cellular environment favorable for their replication. For
example, small DNA viruses capable of infecting nondividing cells induce S phase in order to activate and utilize
the host DNA replication machinery. In contrast, herpesviruses encode their own DNA polymerase and accessory
factors and do not require the environment of an S phase
for viral replication (Flemington2001; Lu and Shenk 1999;
Song et al.2000; Sullivan and Pipas 2002; Sunil-Chandra
et al.1992). An important aspect of the effects of viruses on
cell cycle dynamics are the consequences for neoplastic
transformation. This has been a major area of research, as it
offers a rational approach to the control of virus-associated
cancers.
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A wide variety of viruses, both RNA or DNA type, canestablish long-term persistent infections, typically startingas acute infections which then progress to latent orpersistent forms with periodic reactivation and transmissionto new hosts. Persistent viruses are a major cause of diseasein man; for example the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) responsible for the acquired immune deficiencysyndrome or the wide variety of human herpesvirusesHandling Editor: David RobinsonR. Nascimento (*):H. Costa:R. M. E. ParkhouseInstituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia,Oeiras, Portugale-mail: rutenasc@igc.gulbenkian.ptProtoplasma (2012) 249:519–528DOI 10.1007/s00709-011-0327-9responsible for infectious mononucleosis, shingles, buccaland genital sores, and Kaposi's cell sarcoma. These are onlytwo of the many examples of diseases caused by viruspersistence, the study of which is a priority area in virology.For a virus to persist in the host, it must be able tomaintain its viral genome in the host without creating acytopathic effect and without being detected by the manymechanisms of the host immune system, yet, at the sametime, maintaining a strategy for transmission to anotherhost. Virus persistence in a noninfectious form betweenepisodes of viral reactivation and shedding of infectiousvirus is named latency, with herpesviruses providing typicalexamples. In contrast to latency, there other forms ofpersistence where there is a continuous cycle of productiveinfection and reinfection, with alternating cycles of viralpersistence and production of infectious virus (Redpath etal.2001; Sullivan and Pipas 2002).Whatever strategy a virus employs for its propagation,all viruses have evolved appropriate and complementarymechanisms for the manipulation and subversion of thebiology of the infected cell and the many defensivemechanisms of the host innate and acquired immunesystem. Indeed, the coevolution of virus and otherpathogens and their hosts has shaped the immune system.This in turn has provided the selection pressure for thedevelopment of more pathogen strategies for evading hostdefenses (Vossen et al.2002). Thus the complexity of ourimmune system reflects its coevolution with evolvingpathogen host evasion strategies. Basically, therefore,the study of these strategies not only provides novelapproaches for the control of viruses and other pathogens but can also lead to discoveries in our cell biologyand immune system. For example, normal cells possesselaborate pathways that receive and process growthstimulatory or growth-inhibitory signals transmitted by othercells in the tissues or organism. Much of what we know aboutthese pathways comes from the study of the cellular genesactivated or transduced by viruses.Manipulation of the host cell cycle is a frequent virusstrategy for host evasion, presumably in order to achieve acellular environment favorable for their replication. Forexample, small DNA viruses capable of infecting nondividing cells induce S phase in order to activate and utilizethe host DNA replication machinery. In contrast, herpesviruses encode their own DNA polymerase and accessoryfactors and do not require the environment of an S phasefor viral replication (Flemington2001; Lu and Shenk 1999;Song et al.2000; Sullivan and Pipas 2002; Sunil-Chandraet al.1992). An important aspect of the effects of viruses oncell cycle dynamics are the consequences for neoplastictransformation. This has been a major area of research, as itoffers a rational approach to the control of virus-associatedcancers.
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Berbagai macam virus, baik RNA atau jenis DNA, dapat
membangun infeksi persisten jangka panjang, biasanya mulai
infeksi akut yang kemudian berkembang menjadi laten atau
bentuk persisten dengan reaktivasi periodik dan transmisi
ke host baru. Virus persisten merupakan penyebab utama penyakit
pada manusia; misalnya human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) yang bertanggung jawab atas defisiensi imun didapat
sindrom atau berbagai virus herpes manusia
Penanganan Editor: David Robinson
R. Nascimento
(*):
H. Costa:
Parkhouse RME
Instituto de Ciencia Gulbenkian,
Oeiras, Portugal
e-mail: rutenasc@igc.gulbenkian.pt
Protoplasma (2012) 249: 519-528
DOI 10,1007 / s00709-011-0327-9
bertanggung jawab untuk infeksi mononucleosis, herpes zoster, bukal
dan luka genital, dan sel sarkoma Kaposi. Ini hanya
dua dari banyak contoh penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus
ketekunan, penelitian yang merupakan daerah prioritas dalam virologi.
Untuk virus untuk bertahan dalam host, itu harus mampu
mempertahankan genom virus dalam host tanpa membuat
efek sitopatik dan tanpa terdeteksi oleh banyak
mekanisme sistem imun inang, namun, pada saat yang sama
waktu, menjaga strategi untuk transmisi ke yang lain
tuan rumah. Virus ketekunan dalam bentuk menular antara
episode reaktivasi virus dan penumpahan menular
virus bernama latency, dengan virus herpes menyediakan khas
contoh. Berbeda dengan latency, ada bentuk-bentuk lain dari
ketekunan mana ada siklus terus menerus produktif
infeksi dan reinfeksi, dengan bergantian siklus virus
ketekunan dan produksi virus menular (Redpath
et. Al.2001; Sullivan dan Pipas 2002)
Apapun strategi virus mempekerjakan untuk propagasi nya,
semua virus telah berevolusi sesuai dan saling melengkapi
mekanisme untuk manipulasi dan subversi dari
biologi sel yang terinfeksi dan banyak defensif
mekanisme host bawaan dan diperoleh kekebalan
sistem. Memang, evolusi bersama virus dan lainnya
patogen dan host mereka telah membentuk sistem kekebalan tubuh.
Hal ini pada gilirannya telah memberikan tekanan seleksi untuk
pengembangan strategi patogen lebih untuk menghindari tuan rumah
pertahanan (Vossen et al.2002). Sehingga kompleksitas kami
sistem kekebalan tubuh mencerminkan evolusi bersama dengan berkembang
strategi penghindaran patogen tuan rumah. Pada dasarnya, oleh karena itu,
studi tentang strategi ini tidak hanya menyediakan Novel
pendekatan untuk kontrol virus dan patogen lainnya, tetapi juga dapat menyebabkan penemuan di bidang biologi sel kita
dan sistem kekebalan tubuh. Sebagai contoh, sel-sel normal memiliki
jalur rumit yang menerima sinyal dan proses growthstimulatory atau pertumbuhan penghambatan ditularkan oleh lain
sel dalam jaringan atau organisme. Banyak dari apa yang kita ketahui tentang
jalur ini berasal dari studi tentang gen seluler
diaktifkan atau ditransduksi oleh virus.
Manipulasi siklus sel inang adalah virus sering
strategi untuk menghindari tuan rumah, mungkin untuk mencapai
lingkungan selular yang menguntungkan bagi replikasi mereka. Untuk
contoh, virus DNA kecil yang mampu menginfeksi sel membelah menginduksi fase S untuk mengaktifkan dan memanfaatkan
mesin replikasi DNA inang. Sebaliknya, virus herpes mengkodekan polimerase DNA dan aksesori mereka sendiri
faktor dan tidak memerlukan lingkungan fase S
untuk replikasi virus (Flemington2001; Lu dan Shenk 1999;
Lagu et al.2000; Sullivan dan Pipas 2002; Sunil-Chandra
et al. 1992). Sebuah aspek penting dari efek virus pada
dinamika siklus sel adalah konsekuensi neoplastik
transformasi. Ini telah menjadi wilayah utama penelitian, karena
menawarkan pendekatan rasional untuk kontrol virus-terkait
kanker.
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