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Civil Rights Organizing
Community organizing in the 1960s was best exemplified by many small local community organizations such as the Montgomery Improvement Association, which helped lead the famed Montgomery Bus Boycott that provided the impetus for what became a national civil rights movement (Stoecker, 2001). The boycott was coordinated through local African American networks and organizations and created a model that would be used in locality-based actions throughout the South over the next 10 years. During the 1960s, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee organized African American communities and stimulated community action in the South to register voters and gain voting rights (Stoecker, 2001).
Community Action Agency Organizing
The Community Action Agencies (CAAs) created during the Johnson Administration added a new dimension to urban community organization. They reflected an understanding of and commitment to the role of local citizens in their own neighborhoods. For "civil rights organizations in poor black communities, CAAs presented an opening to get some real power to force changes in the community . the poor were to play a major role in both planning and directing the service they selected" (Ehrenreich, 1985, p. 170). In the end, however, urban mayors, agency executives, businessmen, and unions continued to hold the reins of power (Ehrenreich, 1985). CAAs settled into the role of providing social service and community support programs. Ultimately, 90% of the CAAs evolved into private nonprofit organizations; local governments continued to operate the rest (Hallman, 1984).
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