The current practice of disposing food waste at landfills is not a
sustainable approach in Hong Kong, as it incurs fast depletion of
landfill space, generates odour nuisance, and produces greenhouse
gases and leachates, thus causing severe adverse environmental
problems. A landfill ban on organic waste has been practiced by
a few countries. In South Korea and Sweden, a banning disposal
of food waste at landfills has been imposed since 2005. In
Germany, zero disposal of biodegradable municipal waste at land-
fills has been reported since 2006. Similarly in Norway, a landfill
ban on biodegradable waste was enforced in 2009. Meanwhile,
the accelerating human population growth and growing global
energy demand in the society have stimulated rigorous research
efforts to valorize waste to resource in order to meet such global
targets. The security of supply energy may likely become an
increasingly important aspect of decision making for developing
a sustainable city. Due to these circumstances, unavoidable food