Foot and mouth disease (FMD), which affects domestic and wildcloven-ho translation - Foot and mouth disease (FMD), which affects domestic and wildcloven-ho Indonesian how to say

Foot and mouth disease (FMD), which

Foot and mouth disease (FMD), which affects domestic and wild
cloven-hoofed animals and causes significant economic losses, is one
of the most contagious transboundary diseases in the world (4, 5). It is
caused by foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the
genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. There are seven
serotypes of FMDV (A, O, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3) (SAT =
South African Territories) (6, 7, 8). All but one of these serotypes
(Asia1) are present in sub-Saharan Africa, and the epidemiology of
the disease is further complicated by the presence of carrier animals
(in particular African buffalo) and susceptible wildlife (9). Immunity
produced against one serotype does not protect the host against
another serotype. In some species of wildlife, mortality can be high, as
was observed in South Africa in impala, Aepyceros melampus, and in
Israel in mountain gazelles, Gazella gazelle (10).
The presence of FMD in Ethiopia and the risk factors for spread of the
viruses have been described before (7, 11, 12). The commonly
occurring FMD serotypes are serotype O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 (11,
12). According to a 2007 report from the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (5), the last outbreak of FMD
caused by serotype C in East Africa was the 2005 outbreak in Kenya.
Data obtained from the world reference laboratory for FMD in 2013
indicate that, from 2010 to 2013, FMD outbreaks in East Africa were
caused by serotypes O, A, SAT1 and SAT2, with type O being the
dominant serotype in Ethiopia (13). The prevalence of FMD in the
country ranges from 5.6% to 26% in cattle (11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18),
11% in small ruminants (18) and 30% in ungulate wildlife (18).
Production system, geographic location, age of animals, contact with
wildlife and season of the year were the risk factors identified for
spread of the disease in Ethiopia (11). In the South Omo zone of
Ethiopia (a zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’
Region [SNNPR]), a higher seroprevalence was reported for herds that
had frequent contact with wildlife compared to herds that rarely had
contact with wildlife (17). A previous study conducted in the
Benchimaji zone of SNNPR reported that herds with a history of
transboundary movement had a prevalence of 20%, while herds with
no history of cross-boundary movement had a prevalence of 6%,
0/5000
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Foot and mouth disease (FMD), which affects domestic and wildcloven-hoofed animals and causes significant economic losses, is oneof the most contagious transboundary diseases in the world (4, 5). It iscaused by foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to thegenus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. There are sevenserotypes of FMDV (A, O, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3) (SAT =South African Territories) (6, 7, 8). All but one of these serotypes(Asia1) are present in sub-Saharan Africa, and the epidemiology ofthe disease is further complicated by the presence of carrier animals(in particular African buffalo) and susceptible wildlife (9). Immunityproduced against one serotype does not protect the host againstanother serotype. In some species of wildlife, mortality can be high, aswas observed in South Africa in impala, Aepyceros melampus, and inIsrael in mountain gazelles, Gazella gazelle (10).The presence of FMD in Ethiopia and the risk factors for spread of theviruses have been described before (7, 11, 12). The commonlyoccurring FMD serotypes are serotype O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 (11,12). According to a 2007 report from the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (5), the last outbreak of FMDcaused by serotype C in East Africa was the 2005 outbreak in Kenya.Data obtained from the world reference laboratory for FMD in 2013indicate that, from 2010 to 2013, FMD outbreaks in East Africa werecaused by serotypes O, A, SAT1 and SAT2, with type O being thedominant serotype in Ethiopia (13). The prevalence of FMD in thecountry ranges from 5.6% to 26% in cattle (11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18),11% in small ruminants (18) and 30% in ungulate wildlife (18).Production system, geographic location, age of animals, contact withwildlife and season of the year were the risk factors identified forspread of the disease in Ethiopia (11). In the South Omo zone ofEthiopia (a zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’Region [SNNPR]), a higher seroprevalence was reported for herds thathad frequent contact with wildlife compared to herds that rarely hadcontact with wildlife (17). A previous study conducted in theBenchimaji zone of SNNPR reported that herds with a history oftransboundary movement had a prevalence of 20%, while herds withno history of cross-boundary movement had a prevalence of 6%,
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Kaki dan mulut penyakit (PMK), yang mempengaruhi domestik dan liar
hewan berkuku belah dan menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang signifikan, adalah salah satu
penyakit yang paling menular lintas batas di dunia (4, 5). Hal ini
disebabkan oleh virus penyakit kaki dan mulut (FMDV), yang termasuk
genus aphthovirus dari keluarga Picornaviridae. Ada tujuh
serotipe FMDV (A, O, C, Asia1, Sat1, SAT2 dan SAT3) (SAT =
Selatan Teritorial Afrika) (6, 7, 8). Semua kecuali satu dari serotipe ini
(Asia1) yang hadir di sub-Sahara Afrika, dan epidemiologi
penyakit ini lebih rumit oleh kehadiran hewan pembawa
(di kerbau Afrika khususnya) dan satwa liar yang rentan (9). Kekebalan
diproduksi terhadap satu serotipe tidak melindungi host terhadap
serotipe lain. Pada beberapa spesies satwa liar, kematian bisa tinggi, seperti
yang diamati di Afrika Selatan di impala, Aepyceros Melampus, dan di
Israel di kijang gunung, Gazella kijang (10).
Kehadiran PMK di Ethiopia dan risiko faktor untuk penyebaran
virus telah dijelaskan sebelumnya (7, 11, 12). Yang umum
terjadi serotipe PMK adalah serotipe O, A, Sat1 dan SAT2 (11,
12). Menurut laporan dari Food and Agriculture 2007
Organisasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (5), wabah terakhir PMK
disebabkan oleh serotipe C di Afrika Timur adalah 2.005 wabah di Kenya.
Data yang diperoleh dari laboratorium rujukan dunia untuk PMK pada tahun 2013
mengindikasikan itu, 2010-2013, wabah PMK di Afrika Timur yang
disebabkan oleh serotipe O, A, Sat1 dan SAT2, dengan tipe O menjadi
serotipe yang dominan di Ethiopia (13). Prevalensi PMK di
negara berkisar dari 5,6% menjadi 26% pada sapi (11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18),
11% di ruminansia kecil (18) dan 30% di satwa liar hewan berkuku (18).
sistem produksi, lokasi geografis, usia hewan, kontak dengan
satwa liar dan musim tahun merupakan faktor risiko diidentifikasi untuk
penyebaran penyakit di Ethiopia (11). Di zona Selatan Omo dari
Ethiopia (zona di Perserikatan Bangsa Selatan, Nasionalitas dan Rakyat
Daerah [SNNPR]), seroprevalensi yang lebih tinggi dilaporkan untuk ternak yang
memiliki sering kontak dengan satwa liar dibandingkan dengan kawanan yang jarang memiliki
kontak dengan satwa liar (17) . Sebuah studi sebelumnya yang dilakukan di
zona Benchimaji dari SNNPR melaporkan bahwa ternak dengan sejarah
perpindahan lintas batas memiliki prevalensi 20%, sementara ternak dengan
tidak ada sejarah gerakan lintas batas memiliki prevalensi 6%,
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