Nunan (1986, 2000) also discussed the mismatch between teachers’ and learners’ expectations of the classroom. Using interviews and classroom observation as research tools, Nunan probed teachers’ perceptions of what they felt is important in the learning process. While teachers believed in using communicative oriented activities, students, on the other hand, were found to value traditional learning activities more. Of the 10 learning activities researched by Nunan, only one (i.e., conversation) was selected by both teachers and students as important in the learning process.