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REM represents a more costly form of earningsmanagement since it involves the actual use of cash in the form of either increasedproduction costs or decreases in discretionary expenses. Such choices representdeviations from the normal, optimal levels from production costs and discretionaryexpenses, thus investors may want to constrain management’s ability to engage in REM.Analysts and institutional investors proxy for the level of sophisticated investors. Higheranalysts following and institutional ownership would likely constrain management’sability to engage in REM.
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