The pace of automation depends on several factors. First, the technology must exist. Autonomous driving technology is advancing quickly and should be available in the consumer market in a few years. Second, the technology must be cost effective to deploy. If a technology exists but is too expensive for most firms to purchase, then it is unlikely to be used. The cost of a selfdriving truck may remain high for the near future, limiting the number of truckers who are displaced. This also relates to labor markets. If an ample supply of workers is available at a reasonable cost, there may be less incentive to invest in machinery and technology. However, in cases where labor is scarce or expensive, the only option for a firm may be to switch to automation.