The
multilateral initiatives the United States has launched, which include major
economies/emitters alone (rather than all developing countries), are evidence
of this stance. 0 The European Union has also argued that differences between
developing countries must be taken into account, and that the economically
advanced developing countries must make "fair and effective contributions"
to the climate effort.31 Japan has suggested categorizing developing countries
into groups based on their stage of economic development, and encouraging
mitigation actions tailored to their common but differentiated responsibilities.3 2
Australia has argued that if the GDP per capita of UNFCCC Parties is taken
into account, there are "more non-Annex-I Parties [developing countries] that
are advanced economies than existing Annex-I Parties [developed countries].