Firm age is an important determinant of firms’ legitimacy and routines translation - Firm age is an important determinant of firms’ legitimacy and routines Indonesian how to say

Firm age is an important determinan

Firm age is an important determinant of firms’ legitimacy and routines, influencing executives’
beliefs and attitudes toward change and novel situations (Hannan & Carroll, 1995; Luo, 2000; Sørensen & Stuart, 2000). Because firms’ histories influence their senior executives’ socialization, executives from older firms may perceive their overseas business partners’ intentions, abilities, and expected behaviors differently than executives from younger firms; such differences in social knowledge in turn influence relationship building and thus trust (e.g., Jablin, 1987; Van Maanen, 1976; Van Maanen & Schein, 1979). Organizational ecology research has long argued that the older the firm, the greater the inertia it experiences (Hannan & Carroll, 1995). Operating procedures and tasks in older organizations are likely to be so highly routinized, structured, and infused with specific values that existing approaches to getting work done are often adhered to on grounds of tradition. Senior executives of older organizations are likely to have been socialized in routinized approaches to conducting business, and hence to have developed certain schemata (simplified cognitive maps) to make sense
of the environment (Hannan & Carroll, 1995). Preexisting schemata molded by prior practices and
knowledge may work well in familiar local contexts, but may not be well suited to dealing with
partners from foreign countries. Also, executives with deeply ingrained routines and schemata may be resistant to novel and potentially uncomfortable situations, such as socializing with business partners from unfamiliar cultural-political contexts, because doing so requires confronting fundamental differences in values and assumptions (Louis, 1980). Hence we expect that executives in older firms will be less effective at developing socio-emotional bonds, and thus affect-based trust, with their overseas partners. Executives of younger organizations also have to deal with unfamiliar cultural norms and values when interacting with foreign business partners, but they should be comparatively more motivated to do so by their need to build effective network ties in order to overcome the liability of newness (Stinchcombe, 1965).We further argue that the difficulty of building affect-based trust with overseas partners is accentuated for senior executives at older firms when these partners are of different cultural ethnicity. Similarities in personal interests, attitudes, and values, as encapsulated in cultural similarity, are the primary basis for interpersonal attraction (Byrne, 1971). Similarities in cultural background also reduce uncertainties during interpersonal exchanges and make others’ behaviors more predictable, thus inspiring trust (Casson & Godley, 2000). Conversely, cultural dissimilarity is associated with differences in
beliefs and values, resulting in less frequent communication, less positive attitudes (O’Reilly et al., 1993; Riordan & Shore, 1997), intercultural anxiety, and increased barriers to information-sharing and cooperation (Moreland, 1985; Stephan & Stephan, 1985). These phenomena make it more difficult to find solid ground on which to develop emotional bonds (Child, 1998). Hence we expect that cultural differences will exert greater negative influence on executives’ development of affective bonds with culturally dissimilar partners than with culturally similar partners.
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Firm age is an important determinant of firms’ legitimacy and routines, influencing executives’beliefs and attitudes toward change and novel situations (Hannan & Carroll, 1995; Luo, 2000; Sørensen & Stuart, 2000). Because firms’ histories influence their senior executives’ socialization, executives from older firms may perceive their overseas business partners’ intentions, abilities, and expected behaviors differently than executives from younger firms; such differences in social knowledge in turn influence relationship building and thus trust (e.g., Jablin, 1987; Van Maanen, 1976; Van Maanen & Schein, 1979). Organizational ecology research has long argued that the older the firm, the greater the inertia it experiences (Hannan & Carroll, 1995). Operating procedures and tasks in older organizations are likely to be so highly routinized, structured, and infused with specific values that existing approaches to getting work done are often adhered to on grounds of tradition. Senior executives of older organizations are likely to have been socialized in routinized approaches to conducting business, and hence to have developed certain schemata (simplified cognitive maps) to make senseof the environment (Hannan & Carroll, 1995). Preexisting schemata molded by prior practices andknowledge may work well in familiar local contexts, but may not be well suited to dealing withpartners from foreign countries. Also, executives with deeply ingrained routines and schemata may be resistant to novel and potentially uncomfortable situations, such as socializing with business partners from unfamiliar cultural-political contexts, because doing so requires confronting fundamental differences in values and assumptions (Louis, 1980). Hence we expect that executives in older firms will be less effective at developing socio-emotional bonds, and thus affect-based trust, with their overseas partners. Executives of younger organizations also have to deal with unfamiliar cultural norms and values when interacting with foreign business partners, but they should be comparatively more motivated to do so by their need to build effective network ties in order to overcome the liability of newness (Stinchcombe, 1965).We further argue that the difficulty of building affect-based trust with overseas partners is accentuated for senior executives at older firms when these partners are of different cultural ethnicity. Similarities in personal interests, attitudes, and values, as encapsulated in cultural similarity, are the primary basis for interpersonal attraction (Byrne, 1971). Similarities in cultural background also reduce uncertainties during interpersonal exchanges and make others’ behaviors more predictable, thus inspiring trust (Casson & Godley, 2000). Conversely, cultural dissimilarity is associated with differences in
beliefs and values, resulting in less frequent communication, less positive attitudes (O’Reilly et al., 1993; Riordan & Shore, 1997), intercultural anxiety, and increased barriers to information-sharing and cooperation (Moreland, 1985; Stephan & Stephan, 1985). These phenomena make it more difficult to find solid ground on which to develop emotional bonds (Child, 1998). Hence we expect that cultural differences will exert greater negative influence on executives’ development of affective bonds with culturally dissimilar partners than with culturally similar partners.
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Umur perusahaan merupakan faktor penentu penting dari perusahaan 'legitimasi dan rutinitas, mempengaruhi eksekutif'
keyakinan dan sikap terhadap perubahan dan novel situasi (Hannan & Carroll, 1995; Luo, 2000; Sørensen & Stuart, 2000). Karena perusahaan 'sejarah mempengaruhi eksekutif senior mereka' sosialisasi, eksekutif dari perusahaan-perusahaan yang lebih tua mungkin menganggap niat, kemampuan, dan perilaku mitra bisnis di luar negeri mereka diharapkan berbeda dari eksekutif dari perusahaan-perusahaan yang lebih muda; perbedaan tersebut dalam pengetahuan sosial dalam pengaruh gilirannya membangun hubungan dan dengan demikian kepercayaan (misalnya, Jablin, 1987; Van Maanen, 1976; Van Maanen & Schein, 1979). Penelitian ekologi organisasi telah lama berpendapat bahwa yang lebih tua perusahaan, semakin besar inersia itu mengalami (Hannan & Carroll, 1995). Prosedur operasi dan tugas dalam organisasi yang lebih tua cenderung jadi sangat dirutinkan, terstruktur, dan diresapi dengan nilai-nilai tertentu yang pendekatan yang ada untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan sering ditaati atas dasar tradisi. Eksekutif senior dari organisasi yang lebih tua cenderung telah disosialisasikan dalam pendekatan dirutinkan untuk melakukan bisnis, dan karenanya telah mengembangkan skema tertentu (disederhanakan peta kognitif) untuk memahami
lingkungan (Hannan & Carroll, 1995). Schemata yang sudah ada sebelumnya dibentuk oleh praktek sebelumnya dan
pengetahuan dapat bekerja dengan baik dalam konteks lokal akrab, tapi mungkin tidak cocok untuk berurusan dengan
mitra dari luar negeri. Juga, eksekutif dengan rutinitas tertanam dan skema mungkin resisten terhadap situasi baru dan berpotensi tidak nyaman, seperti bersosialisasi dengan mitra bisnis dari konteks budaya-politik asing, karena hal itu membutuhkan menghadapi perbedaan mendasar dalam nilai-nilai dan asumsi (Louis, 1980). Oleh karena itu kami berharap bahwa eksekutif di perusahaan yang lebih tua akan kurang efektif untuk mengembangkan ikatan sosio-emosional, dan dengan demikian kepercayaan berbasis mempengaruhi, dengan mitra luar negeri mereka. Eksekutif organisasi muda juga harus berurusan dengan norma-norma budaya asing dan nilai-nilai saat berinteraksi dengan mitra bisnis asing, tetapi mereka harus relatif lebih termotivasi untuk melakukannya dengan kebutuhan mereka untuk membangun hubungan jaringan yang efektif untuk mengatasi kewajiban kebaruan (Stinchcombe, 1965) .Kami lanjut berpendapat bahwa kesulitan bangunan mempengaruhi berbasis kepercayaan dengan mitra luar negeri ditekankan bagi para eksekutif senior di perusahaan yang lebih tua ketika mitra ini dari etnis budaya yang berbeda. Kesamaan dalam kepentingan pribadi, sikap, dan nilai-nilai, seperti dirumuskan dalam kesamaan budaya, merupakan dasar utama untuk atraksi interpersonal (Byrne, 1971). Kesamaan dalam latar belakang budaya juga mengurangi ketidakpastian selama pertukaran interpersonal dan membuat perilaku orang lain yang lebih dapat diprediksi, inspiratif sehingga kepercayaan (Casson & Godley, 2000). Sebaliknya, perbedaan budaya dikaitkan dengan perbedaan
keyakinan dan nilai-nilai, sehingga komunikasi kurang sering, sikap kurang positif (O'Reilly et al, 1993;. Riordan & Shore, 1997), kecemasan antarbudaya, dan peningkatan hambatan untuk berbagi informasi dan kerjasama (Moreland, 1985; Stephan & Stephan, 1985). Fenomena ini membuat lebih sulit untuk menemukan landasan yang kuat untuk mengembangkan ikatan emosional (Child, 1998). Oleh karena itu kami berharap bahwa perbedaan budaya akan memberikan pengaruh negatif yang lebih besar pada pengembangan eksekutif dari ikatan afektif dengan mitra budaya berbeda daripada dengan mitra budaya yang sama.
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