3. A learning-centred approachIt will be noticeable that in the two ap translation - 3. A learning-centred approachIt will be noticeable that in the two ap Indonesian how to say

3. A learning-centred approachIt wi

3. A learning-centred approach
It will be noticeable that in the two approaches described so far the learning activities (tasks, exercises, teaching techniques) are almost the last factor to be considered. This may produce materials which faithfully reflect the syllabus in language or skills content, but it has a very constricting effect on the methodology. Learning, however, is more than just a metter of presenting language items or skills and strategies. In other words, it is not just the content of what is learnt that is important but also the activity through which it is learnt. (Prabhu, 1983).
In a learning-centred approoch the methodology cannot be just grafted on the end of an existing selection of syllabus items and texts: it must be used in a more dynamic way in order to enable methodologycal consoderations, such as interest, enjoyment, learner involvement, to influence the content of the entire course design. The simplest way of achieving this is to break down the syllabus design process into two level.


The ESP syllabus is, as we have seen, usually derived from a detailed analysis of the language features of the target situation. It is the detail of this analysis which in our view produces the the restricting influence on the methodology. But this need not occur. It is unnecessary to analyse language features in detail before the materials are started. A general syllabus outlining the topic areas and the communicative tasks of the target situation is all that is required at the beginning. For example, a general syllabus for technician students might look like this:
Topics Tasks
names of tools expressing use and purpose
electricity understanding safety instructions
pumps describing a system
materials reporting experiments
constructions describing measurements
etc. etc.

This general syllabus can be used as the basis for the initial selection of texts and writing of exercises/activities: it has enough detail to guide the material writer, but not so much as to stifle creativity. It, therefore, allows the materials writer to take full account of factors emerging from the analysis of the learning situation.
The materials themselves will produce a detailed language syllabus. This materials-generated syllabus can then be checked against an independent syllabus produced from the need analysis. Gaps and overlaps can then be dealt with.
Thus, instead of using the syllabus as the initial and once-for-all determiner of the content of materials and methodology, syllabus and materials evolve together with each being able to inform the other. In this way this syllabus is used creatively as a generator of good and relevant learning activities rather than as just a statement of language content which restrict and impoverishes the methodology. Yet, at the same time it maintains relevance to target needs. It, therefore, serves the needs of the students bot as users and learners of language. The syllabus acts in the first instance as a compass to show the general direction. Then it becomes a sketch map. When the possibilities have been explored, obstracles noted and available resources collected, more detail can be filled in on the map, until the route is clear.

4. The post hoc approach
There is, of course, one last way of using the syllabus, which is probably more widespread than we might suppose:

Figure 25: The role of the syllabus in a post hoc approach


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3. A learning-centred approachIt will be noticeable that in the two approaches described so far the learning activities (tasks, exercises, teaching techniques) are almost the last factor to be considered. This may produce materials which faithfully reflect the syllabus in language or skills content, but it has a very constricting effect on the methodology. Learning, however, is more than just a metter of presenting language items or skills and strategies. In other words, it is not just the content of what is learnt that is important but also the activity through which it is learnt. (Prabhu, 1983). In a learning-centred approoch the methodology cannot be just grafted on the end of an existing selection of syllabus items and texts: it must be used in a more dynamic way in order to enable methodologycal consoderations, such as interest, enjoyment, learner involvement, to influence the content of the entire course design. The simplest way of achieving this is to break down the syllabus design process into two level. The ESP syllabus is, as we have seen, usually derived from a detailed analysis of the language features of the target situation. It is the detail of this analysis which in our view produces the the restricting influence on the methodology. But this need not occur. It is unnecessary to analyse language features in detail before the materials are started. A general syllabus outlining the topic areas and the communicative tasks of the target situation is all that is required at the beginning. For example, a general syllabus for technician students might look like this:Topics Tasks
names of tools expressing use and purpose
electricity understanding safety instructions
pumps describing a system
materials reporting experiments
constructions describing measurements
etc. etc.

This general syllabus can be used as the basis for the initial selection of texts and writing of exercises/activities: it has enough detail to guide the material writer, but not so much as to stifle creativity. It, therefore, allows the materials writer to take full account of factors emerging from the analysis of the learning situation.
The materials themselves will produce a detailed language syllabus. This materials-generated syllabus can then be checked against an independent syllabus produced from the need analysis. Gaps and overlaps can then be dealt with.
Thus, instead of using the syllabus as the initial and once-for-all determiner of the content of materials and methodology, syllabus and materials evolve together with each being able to inform the other. In this way this syllabus is used creatively as a generator of good and relevant learning activities rather than as just a statement of language content which restrict and impoverishes the methodology. Yet, at the same time it maintains relevance to target needs. It, therefore, serves the needs of the students bot as users and learners of language. The syllabus acts in the first instance as a compass to show the general direction. Then it becomes a sketch map. When the possibilities have been explored, obstracles noted and available resources collected, more detail can be filled in on the map, until the route is clear.

4. The post hoc approach
There is, of course, one last way of using the syllabus, which is probably more widespread than we might suppose:

Figure 25: The role of the syllabus in a post hoc approach


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3. Pendekatan pembelajaran yang berpusat
Ini akan terlihat bahwa dalam dua pendekatan yang dijelaskan sejauh ini kegiatan belajar (tugas, latihan, teknik pengajaran) hampir faktor terakhir yang harus dipertimbangkan. Ini dapat menghasilkan bahan yang setia mencerminkan silabus dalam bahasa atau konten keterampilan, tetapi memiliki efek yang sangat konstriksi pada metodologi. Belajar, bagaimanapun, adalah lebih dari sekedar metter menyajikan item bahasa atau keterampilan dan strategi. Dengan kata lain, tidak hanya isi dari apa yang dipelajari yang penting tetapi juga aktivitas melalui yang dipelajari. (Prabhu, 1983).
Dalam pembelajaran yang berpusat approoch metodologi tidak dapat hanya dicangkokkan pada akhir seleksi yang sudah ada item silabus dan teks: itu harus digunakan dengan cara yang lebih dinamis untuk memungkinkan consoderations methodologycal, seperti bunga , kenikmatan, keterlibatan pelajar, untuk mempengaruhi isi seluruh desain saja. Cara termudah untuk mencapai ini adalah untuk memecah proses desain silabus menjadi dua tingkat. ESP silabus adalah, seperti telah kita lihat, biasanya berasal dari analisis rinci dari fitur bahasa situasi sasaran. Ini adalah detail dari analisis ini yang dalam pandangan kami menghasilkan pengaruh membatasi pada metodologi. Tapi ini tidak perlu terjadi. Hal ini tidak perlu untuk menganalisis fitur bahasa secara rinci sebelum bahan dimulai. Sebuah silabus umum menguraikan daerah topik dan tugas-tugas komunikatif situasi sasaran adalah semua yang diperlukan di awal. Sebagai contoh, silabus umum untuk siswa teknisi mungkin terlihat seperti ini: Topik Tugas nama alat mengungkapkan penggunaan dan tujuan petunjuk keselamatan pemahaman listrik pompa menggambarkan sistem bahan pelaporan percobaan konstruksi menggambarkan pengukuran dll dll silabus umum ini dapat digunakan sebagai dasar untuk pemilihan awal teks dan penulisan latihan / kegiatan: memiliki cukup detail untuk memandu penulis materi, tetapi tidak begitu banyak seperti untuk melumpuhkan kreativitas. Ini, oleh karena itu, memungkinkan penulis bahan untuk memperhitungkan faktor yang muncul dari analisis situasi belajar. Materi sendiri akan menghasilkan silabus bahasa rinci. Silabus bahan yang dihasilkan ini kemudian dapat diperiksa terhadap silabus independen yang dihasilkan dari analisis kebutuhan. Kesenjangan dan tumpang tindih kemudian dapat ditangani. Jadi, daripada menggunakan silabus sebagai awal dan sekali-untuk-semua penentu isi bahan dan metodologi, silabus dan bahan berevolusi bersama dengan masing-masing mampu menginformasikan lainnya. Dengan cara ini silabus ini digunakan secara kreatif sebagai generator yang baik dan relevan kegiatan belajar bukan hanya sebagai pernyataan konten bahasa yang membatasi dan memiskinkan metodologi. Namun, pada saat yang sama mempertahankan relevansi untuk menargetkan kebutuhan. Ini, oleh karena itu, melayani kebutuhan siswa bot sebagai pengguna dan pelajar bahasa. Silabus bertindak dalam contoh pertama sebagai kompas untuk menunjukkan arah umum. Maka itu menjadi peta sketsa. Ketika kemungkinan telah dieksplorasi, obstracles dicatat dan sumber daya yang tersedia yang dikumpulkan, lebih rinci dapat diisi pada peta, sampai dengan jelas. 4. Post hoc pendekatan Ada, tentu saja, salah satu cara terakhir menggunakan silabus, yang mungkin lebih luas daripada kita mungkin kira: Gambar 25: Peran silabus dalam pendekatan posting hoc





















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