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easy access to may not be representative of the population. For example,if the researcher works in a rural school, the pupils will differ in manyrespects from those in an inner-city environment. This limits the generalisabilityof results to those areas that are similar, remembering thatgeographic area may also be a factor that differentiates pupils. Therefore,wherever possible, it is advisable to use probability sampling methods.Design your research instrumentsThe next stage of survey research is to design the survey instruments, forexample a written questionnaire, a phone questionnaire or an online surveyquestionnaire. As mentioned in Chapter 2 on experimental research, this isa crucially important process because once the data are collected we will notbe able to rectify any problems with the instruments. It is clear that thequality of the data will depend on the quality of the instruments, and wewill further discuss issues regarding the design of survey instruments below.Collect the dataData collection is the next phase, and another one where problems canoccur in survey studies. Data can be collected through pencil-and-paperquestionnaires, telephone or face-to-face interviews and online methodssuch as web-based questionnaires (see box).
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