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Different forms of outside finance involve different forms of moral hazard and, therefore, different types of agency costs. Outside equity finance is mainly affected by moral hazard with respect to the level of effort that the manager exerts. Outside debt finance is mainly affected by moral hazard concerning the risks inherent in the entrepreneur’s strategy.The equilibrium capital structure of the firm minimizes the sum of all agency costs. To the extent that monitoring and bonding activities affect moral hazard as well, the equilibrium capital structure is determined jointly with these activities so as to minimize the sum of all agency, monitoring, and bonding costs.
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