where Evol is the volumetric energy density in J/mm3 , P is the laser power in watts, Vs is the scanning speed in mm/s, t is the layer thickness in mm, and d is the hatch spacing in mm. Inappropriate energy densities result in void and defect formations, which cause local stress concentrations during cyclic loading and premature fatigue failure [39,75,76]. Regarding the platform temperature, preheating the stage proved to be an effective technique to decrease the residual stresses in AM parts [3,77].