Thus, in conducting a one-way MANOVA for this study, we used various types of instructional treatments as independent variables (i.e., nominal scales); the outcome of students’ multiple-measure scores of the post-test were the dependent variables (i.e., interval/ratio scales). An alpha level of .05 was set to analyze the significant difference of hypotheses. Prior to using MANOVA, the researcher examined the test results and found the distribution to be fairly normal with no extreme outliers.