Shapiro (1985) uses visual art as part of a multidisciplinary team treatment
in an inpatient chronic pain relief unit. She identifies two goals: easing emotional
strain (through the expression of feelings, the development of coping skills, and
the cultivation of self-esteem) and decreasing pain medication. Shapiro aims for
patients to come to a new understanding of their symptoms and pain, achieve
some relief, and explore their lives and conflicts through metaphorical and
symbolic representation via the art experience. "Physical rehabilitation entails a
union of psychic and somatic healing. Art therapy's role with such patients is for
the promotion of self-acceptance and adjustment" (p. 45).