COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY offers a manualised insight into treating according to symptomatology. Current treatments increasingly involve the use of COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY interventions to treat and prevent pathology in children and adolescents as recommended by the World Health Organization’s Global School Health Initiative (World Health Organization, 1998, as cited in: Spence & Short, 2007). It is also suggested by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) that the school environment should be used to treat childhood conditions such as anxiety and depression (NICE, 2005, 2013). Although the evidence for these methods is extensive it has flaws in application. A systematic review of SCHOOL-BASED prevention and early intervention programmes for anxiety show 78% of these programmes to be COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY based (Neil & Christensen, 2009). COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY efficacy for elementary aged children suffering from anxiety yielded results of positive treatment response at post-treatment of 95% compared to 16.7% of waiting list participants (Chiu et al., 2013). Reviewing prevention programmes for anxiety in this client group shows most types of current programmes to be effective with effect sizes ranging from 0.11 to 1.37 (Neil & Christensen, 2009). It is important to consider for whom and what purpose these programmes are effective; do certain interventions lend themselves to certain clients over others?
Indicated COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY programmes show good efficacy for targeting students that show elevated levels of mental health conditions such as depression (Calear & Christensen, 2010). Calear and Christensen’s systematic review of prevention and early intervention programmes for depressive symptom included forty-two randomized controlled trials of twenty-eight SCHOOL-BASED programmes that mainly employed COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY. Effect sizes for all programmes ranged from 0.21 to 1.40 but indicated programmes showed best results over selective and universal programmes (Calear & Christensen, 2010). However, none of the universal programme outcomes produced a significant difference at post-test and also at follow-up (Calear & Christensen, 2010, p. 434). Such results suggest that the current interventions may lend themselves better to those with specific and diagnostic conditions than other ‘symptom-free’ children and adolescents. If this is the case then current intervention procedures may be neglecting a large proportion of school students who may remain at risk of psychological difficulties. Further, a review of group clinical COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY in SCHOOL-BASED interventions for adolescents with depressive symptoms showed although there was significant change in depressive symptoms for adolescents who completed the group sessions, these changes were not maintained (Ruffolo & Fischer, 2009). Spence and Short suggest that there is not enough evidence available for the efficacy and effectiveness of the universal SCHOOL-BASED approach to prevent depression: “the scientific rigor of these endeavors has been weak, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about efficacy and effectiveness” (Spence & Short, 2007, p. 540). It is therefore important to investigate interventions that, due to their underlying key attributes, provide a maintained effect and preferably for a wider range of youths.
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ويوفر "العلاج الإدراكي السلوكي" ثاقبة مانواليسيد في علاج وفقا للأعراض. متزايد أن العلاجات الحالية تنطوي على استخدام تدخلات "العلاج السلوكي المعرفي" علاج ومنع الأمراض في الأطفال والمراهقين، حسبما أوصت به "منظمة الصحة العالمية مبادرة الصحة المدرسية العالمية" (منظمة الصحة العالمية، 1998، كما ورد في: سبنس & قصيرة، 2007). يقترح أيضا بالمعهد الوطني للصحة والرعاية التميز (نيس) أن البيئة المدرسية ينبغي أن تستخدم لعلاج الطفولة الشروط مثل القلق والاكتئاب (نيس، 2005، 2013). على الرغم من أن الأدلة على هذه الأساليب واسعة قد العيوب في التطبيق. استعراض منهجي للوقاية المدرسية وبرامج التدخل المبكر لإظهار القلق 78% من هذه البرامج أن يكون "العلاج السلوكي المعرفي" على أساس (نيل & كريستنسن، 2009). فعالية "العلاج السلوكي المعرفي" للأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين المرحلة الابتدائية الذين يعانون من القلق نتائج للاستجابة للمعالجة الإيجابية في المعالجة اللاحقة من 95% مقارنة 16.7% مشاركين (تشيو et al., 2013) من قائمة الانتظار. ويبين استعراض برامج الوقاية للقلق في هذا الفريق العميل معظم أنواع البرامج الحالية تكون فعالة مع تأثير أحجام تتراوح من 0.11 إلى 1.37 (نيل & كريستنسن، 2009). من المهم أن تنظر لبعضهم وما الغرض من هذه البرامج بفعالية؛ القيام بتدخلات معينة تصلح لبعض العملاء على الآخرين؟Indicated COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY programmes show good efficacy for targeting students that show elevated levels of mental health conditions such as depression (Calear & Christensen, 2010). Calear and Christensen’s systematic review of prevention and early intervention programmes for depressive symptom included forty-two randomized controlled trials of twenty-eight SCHOOL-BASED programmes that mainly employed COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY. Effect sizes for all programmes ranged from 0.21 to 1.40 but indicated programmes showed best results over selective and universal programmes (Calear & Christensen, 2010). However, none of the universal programme outcomes produced a significant difference at post-test and also at follow-up (Calear & Christensen, 2010, p. 434). Such results suggest that the current interventions may lend themselves better to those with specific and diagnostic conditions than other ‘symptom-free’ children and adolescents. If this is the case then current intervention procedures may be neglecting a large proportion of school students who may remain at risk of psychological difficulties. Further, a review of group clinical COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY in SCHOOL-BASED interventions for adolescents with depressive symptoms showed although there was significant change in depressive symptoms for adolescents who completed the group sessions, these changes were not maintained (Ruffolo & Fischer, 2009). Spence and Short suggest that there is not enough evidence available for the efficacy and effectiveness of the universal SCHOOL-BASED approach to prevent depression: “the scientific rigor of these endeavors has been weak, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about efficacy and effectiveness” (Spence & Short, 2007, p. 540). It is therefore important to investigate interventions that, due to their underlying key attributes, provide a maintained effect and preferably for a wider range of youths.
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