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Local Knowledge and Use of Forest Plants R esearchers have estimated that at least 2,000 species of Amazonian plants have been given a particular use by humans, including as food, fi bres, medicines, fuels, or for any number of other utilitarian, aesthetic, or ritual purposes (Duke and Vásquez 1994 ; Bennett 1992 ) . In the Peruvian Amazon, for example, more than 1,250 species have been recorded as being used for an economic purpose by at least one local group (Pinedo-Vasquez et al. 1993) , with at least 138 species of agricultural and tree crops among them (Clement 1998) . Considerable work has been done on the uses of forest plants and plant lore of specifi c Amazonian communities, particularly on which plants that indigenous Amazonians use for medicinal purposes, as well as on the nomenclature and classifi cation of those plants in Amazonian languages (e.g., Alexiades 2009; Balée 1994; Bennett and Prance 2000 ; Boom 1987; Duke and Vasquez 1994; Prance et al. 1987; Vickers and Plowman 1984 ; Zent and Zent 2004 ; Zent 2009 ; Anderson and Posey 1989 ; Balée 1994 ; Coimbra-Junior 2004 ; Elisabetsky and Posey 1989 ; Erickson 2006 ; Erickson and Balée 2006 ; Macia 2008 ; Posey and Plenderleith 2002 ; Stearman 1989 ) . T he western areas of Amazonia, particularly the pre-Andean region, have been identifi ed as centres of diversity for a number of signifi cant crop species (Clement 1999 ) . Globally important staples including manioc ( Manihot esculenta ), peanuts, pineapple, cacao, runner beans, peach palm (‘pupunha’ in Brazil ‘pijuayo’ in Peru), tree cotton, coca, tomatoes, and Capsicum frutense chiles (which include some remarkably hot cultivars such as the habanero), are believed to be among the most important plants to have been domesticated in the region.
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