» Middle AgesWith the fall of Rome,

» Middle Ages
With the fall of Rome, Western Europe became fractured into a patchwork of fragile kingdoms. Effective governance of these kingdoms was a major challenge. In response, local representative assemblies began to emerge.
Each local assembly consisted of representatives from powerful groups (namely the nobility, clergy, and middle class). Representatives were sometimes chosen by election, but voting was limited to members of these powerful groups. The assemblies were “local” in that they only covered small geographic regions. As the Middle Ages drew on, however, the geographic extent of assemblies gradually increased, culminating in the formation of national representative assemblies.
The very first national representative assembly was established in Iceland, in the 900s. Throughout the remainder of the Middle Ages, national assemblies emerged in various other Western kingdoms (especially in the north), as well as some Italian city-states.3 This included Parliament, which developed in High Medieval England.
While these national assemblies helped to coordinate the governance of their nations, their ability to constrain the actions of their monarchs was typically marginal; in other words, the assemblies played mainly an advisory role (as opposed to a governing role). The glaring exception to this rule was Parliament, whose governing authority slowly increased throughout the later Middle Ages.12

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»Abad Pertengahan
Dengan jatuhnya Roma, Eropa Barat menjadi retak menjadi tambal sulam kerajaan rapuh. Pemerintahan yang efektif dari kerajaan ini adalah tantangan besar. Sebagai tanggapan, majelis perwakilan lokal mulai muncul.
Setiap perakitan lokal terdiri dari perwakilan dari kelompok kuat (yaitu bangsawan, pendeta, dan kelas menengah). Perwakilan kadang-kadang dipilih oleh pemilu, tapi suara terbatas pada anggota kelompok ini kuat. Majelis yang "lokal" dalam bahwa mereka hanya menutupi wilayah geografis yang kecil. Sebagai Abad Pertengahan menarik, bagaimanapun, sejauh geografis majelis bertahap meningkat, yang berpuncak pada pembentukan majelis perwakilan nasional.
Majelis perwakilan nasional pertama didirikan di Islandia, di 900-an. Sepanjang sisa Abad Pertengahan, majelis nasional muncul di berbagai kerajaan lain Barat (terutama di utara), serta beberapa kota Italia-3 Di Ini termasuk Parlemen, yang dikembangkan di High Medieval Inggris.
Sementara ini majelis nasional membantu mengkoordinasikan pemerintahan negara mereka, kemampuan mereka untuk membatasi tindakan raja mereka biasanya marjinal; dengan kata lain, majelis memainkan terutama peran penasehat (sebagai lawan peran yang mengatur). Pengecualian mencolok untuk aturan ini adalah Parlemen, yang kewenangannya pemerintahan perlahan meningkat sepanjang kemudian Ages.12 Tengah