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There is considerable evidence for the rapid diffusion ofammonia across cytoplasmic membranes, and hence until recentlythe concept of active transport of ammonium ions hasreceived relatively little attention. However, the large ammoniagradients which can occur across bacterial membranes arguestrongly for an active ammonium transport (Amt) system,and there is some evidence for such systems in about 50 prokaryoticspecies (for reviews, see references 13, 128, and 129).In most cases, Amt activity is repressed in the presence of highextracellular ammonium concentrations, and studies with theammonium analog [14C]methylammonium in E. coli indicatedthat Amt expression is controlled by the Ntr system
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