Although it is accepted that consumers will have purchased these vehicles for differing reasons, fuel efficiency is likely to have been an overriding factor for many. Any solution that results in reducing this aspect is unlikely to be popular and, unless mandatory, will not be taken up by many owners. While emissions reduction may not have been paramount in the minds of all consumers, it is not acceptable that other, potentially more vulnerable, members of the public should continue to be exposed to elevated NOx emissions if the vehicle recall turns out to be optional. EPUK therefore demands a mandatory recall of all vehicles installed with ‘defeat device’ software and that VW devise a solution that achieves the NOx standard correctly and minimises CO2 emissions.