IMPACT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR In the light of public sector involvement  translation - IMPACT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR In the light of public sector involvement  Vietnamese how to say

IMPACT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR In the

IMPACT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR
In the light of public sector involvement with tourism, either directly through a ministry with responsibility for tourism and the NTO, or indirectly through, say, foreign policy, legal controls or the provision of infrastructure, the government has at its disposal a series of instruments that can be used to manager tourism flows to meet its policy objectives. The manner in which actions by governments influence tourism may be classified in two ways:
Demand and revenue management: and
Supply and cost management.

Demand and revenue management
There are primarily five policy instruments used by governments to manage demand:
Marketing and promotion;
Information provision and network development;
Pricing;
Controlling access, and
Security and safety.
Marketing and promotion
As has already been observed, marketing is the principal function of the NTO and its job is to create and protect the ‘brand image’ of the country/destination. The specific techniques are discussed in part 4 of this text, so it is sufficient here to point out that the key requirements for effective marketing are clear objectives, a thorough knowledge of markets and products, and the allocation of adequate resources. It would, however, be putting the ‘cart before the horse’ without the product, which is generally not under the control of the NTO, hence the importance of assigning the NTO some development powers. Typically, with many other calls on the govern-ment’s budget, finance officials are naturallyparsimonious with regard to expenditure on marketing because of difficulties in measuring effectiveness. As a rule, amounts spent by governments and other public organisations on destination promotion are only a fraction of what is spent in total by the private sector. One of the main reasons for this is that private enter-prises are copeting for market share at the destination, whereas governments are interested in expanding the total market to the destination.
The issue of marketing effectiveness is very pertinent to the earlier discussion on conflicting objectives for public sector managers. The latter normally have to satisfy a range of stakeholders, with the result that campaigns are often ‘me too’ watered down propositions that fail to fifferen-tiate from the rest of the ‘clutter’ in the marketplace and squuander resources. Attempts to break though thismay generate considerable controversy in the media that has political repercussions. Similarly, establishing destination identities is usually conceived as exercises in local pride, , which fail as “promotional hooks’ for attracting tourists and in creating a distinctive sense of place.
Information provision and network development
The ability of tourists to express their demands depens upon their awareness of the facilities available, particularly attractions, which are a key component of leisure tourism. For a number of years there has been government interest in creating computer-based national reservation systems. NTOs in Europe have already been operation “holiday Hotlines’ and out –of-hours telephone information. In many countries, local tourist information centres (TICs) offfer a booking service to personal callers, though still very much a manual system requiring TIC staff to telephone accommodation establishments to check availability. For example, in britain, the TIC network was used to develop the ‘book a bed Ahead’ scheme for the independent traveller touring difeerent parts of the country. However, as more and more bookings are being made electronically, what is ideal is a fully networked computerised reservation system (CRS). The key to penetrating the source markets from the destinations lies in using the CRS to link suitable accommodation to a range of ‘things to see and do’, so what is being sold is a complete holiday, not just accommodation. Although desirable, this does not necessarily mean complete pack-aging of other products: it is common just to use complementary suppliers in marketing and to couple this with the provision of good information on site. Others would go further and recom-mend a complete destination management system (DMS) that acts as a neutral facilitator and reservation system to the tourist industry, which would put small businesses on the same footing as the major corporate suppliers.
Implementation of a complete DMS via the NTO or regional tourist association is no easy task: in the past, proposals at the local level have foundered on the unwillingness of smaoll enterprises to give commission, to make booking allocations available, competitive jealousies concerning the equity of how bookings will be distributed by operating staff and arguments over classifica-tion and grading – an essential ingredient for the inclusion in such a scheme, as in all tourist bureau publications. Such experiences suggest that a complete DMS cannot be implemented or sustained without a great deal of public sector involvement and cooperation, particularly if the ETC’s ideal of Europe as a single destination is to be realised. As discussed further in Chapter 22, various systems are now available to enble potential visitors to assemble their own intineraies.The usual role of the NTO is to act as a facilitator to booking through povision of information on its web portal that gives links to agencies providing reservation services, so that end users and resellers can access the product of the destination. By this means NTOs enable end users and resellers to search, book and pay in a single application, as well as bulding networks to connect businesses and consumers to TICS. The reasons why people do not book online are to do with ease of booking, credit card secuity, trust in the supplier and lack of consistent information, though it is becoming clear that even the smallest accommodation provider is requiring a website and email facilities because the chances of potential guests walking in without proification are diminishing. In this respect, the adoption of ICT is crucial, for by lowering distribution costs for suppliers and reducing search cost for consumers, via the internet in particular, market poten-tial is widened. Experience has shown that the ICT phenomenon has radically increased the collective market share of niche products and flattened the sales distribution pattern, producing what has been termed by writers in this field ‘the long tail” that allows many more products to sustain themselves in the marketplace. Nor should travel and social media sites (referred to as eWOM sites ) such as Trip Advisor, facebook and twitter be ignored, as they are powerful distri-bution channels for highlighting positive and negative feedback. Placing weitten and video blogs are a wayof maximising online distribution. The modern tourist is able to use portable technologies such as a tablet or smartphone to view the destination, take advice from tripadvisor, and book online. Interactivity with the customer to find out what they want and say through website contacts, social media chat rooms, emails and mobile phone messaging offers a new dimension to the traditional promotional mix, pushing the latter down the scale of relevanc.
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TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA CÁC KHU VỰC CÔNG Trong ánh sáng của sự tham gia của khu vực với du lịch, hoặc trực tiếp thông qua một bộ có trách nhiệm cho du lịch và NTO, hoặc gián tiếp thông qua, nói, chính sách đối ngoại, Pháp lý điều khiển hoặc cung cấp cơ sở hạ tầng, chính phủ có lúc xử lý của nó một loạt các công cụ mà có thể sử dụng để quản lý du lịch dòng chảy để đáp ứng các mục tiêu chính sách. Cách thức mà trong đó các hành động của chính phủ đã ảnh hưởng đến du lịch có thể được phân loại theo hai cách:Quản lý nhu cầu và doanh thu: và Cung cấp và chi phí quản lý.Quản lý nhu cầu và doanh thuCó là chủ yếu là năm chính sách cụ được sử dụng bởi chính phủ để quản lý nhu cầu:Tiếp thị và khuyến mãi;Cung cấp thông tin và phát triển mạng;Giá cả;Kiểm soát truy cập, vàAn ninh và an toàn.Tiếp thị và khuyến mãiNhư đã được quan sát, tiếp thị là chức năng chính của NTO và công việc của nó là để tạo ra và bảo vệ hình ảnh thương hiệu của quốc gia/điểm đến. Các kỹ thuật cụ thể được thảo luận trong phần 4 của văn bản này, do đó, nó là đầy đủ ở đây chỉ ra rằng các yêu cầu quan trọng để tiếp thị hiệu quả là mục tiêu rõ ràng, một kiến thức toàn diện của thị trường và sản phẩm cũng như phân bổ nguồn lực đầy đủ. Nó sẽ, Tuy nhiên, đưa 'giỏ hàng trước khi ngựa' mà không có sản phẩm nói chung không phải là dưới sự kiểm soát của NTO, do đó tầm quan trọng của việc phân công NTO một số quyền hạn phát triển. Thông thường, với số lượng các cuộc gọi trên govern-ment ngân sách, cán bộ tài chính đã là naturallyparsimonious đối với các chi phí về tiếp thị vì những khó khăn trong đo hiệu quả. Theo quy định, số tiền chi tiêu của chính phủ và các tổ chức công cộng khác trên quảng cáo đích là chỉ một phần nhỏ của những gì là chi tiêu trong tổng số của khu vực tư nhân. Một lý do chính của việc này là tư nhân nhập-prises là copeting cho thị phần tại điểm đến, trong khi chính phủ được quan tâm trong việc mở rộng thị trường tất cả đến đích.Vấn đề tiếp thị hiệu quả là rất cần thiết cho các cuộc thảo luận trước đó vào xung đột mục tiêu cho khu vực quản lý. Sau này thường có để đáp ứng một loạt các bên liên quan, với kết quả chiến dịch đang thường ' tôi quá ' tưới nước xuống đề xuất rằng không đến fifferen-tiate từ phần còn lại của sự hỗn loạn trong các nguồn tài nguyên trên thị trường và squuander. Các nỗ lực để phá vỡ mặc dù dạn tạo ra tranh cãi lớn trong các phương tiện truyền thông có ảnh hưởng chính trị. Tương tự như vậy, thiết lập bản sắc điểm đến thường hình thành như là huấn luyện tại địa phương niềm tự hào nhất, mà không thành công như "khuyến mại móc để thu hút khách du lịch và trong việc tạo ra một cảm giác đặc biệt của nơi.Thông tin cung cấp và mạng phát triểnKhả năng của khách du lịch để thể hiện nhu cầu của họ depens khi ý thức của các cơ sở có sẵn, đặc biệt là hấp dẫn, mà là một yếu tố then chốt của du lịch giải trí. Trong một số năm đã là chính phủ quan tâm trong việc tạo ra hệ thống máy tính dựa trên quốc gia tại. NTOs ở châu Âu đã là hoạt động "holiday đường dây nóng và ra-của-giờ điện thoại thông tin. Tại nhiều quốc gia, du lịch địa phương thông tin tập trung (tật máy) offfer một dịch vụ đặt cho người gọi cá nhân, mặc dù vẫn còn rất nhiều một hệ thống hướng dẫn sử dụng yêu cầu TIC nhân viên với điện thoại chỗ ở cơ sở để kiểm tra tình trạng sẵn có. Ví dụ, tại Anh, TIC mạng được sử dụng để phát triển các đề án 'đặt một giường trước' các du khách độc lập du lịch difeerent các bộ phận của đất nước. Tuy nhiên, khi đặt phòng nhiều hơn và nhiều hơn nữa đang được thực hiện bằng điện tử, những gì là lý tưởng là một hệ thống đầy đủ trên mạng điện toán tại (CRS). Chìa khóa để thâm nhập thị trường nguồn từ những điểm đến nằm trong việc sử dụng các CRS kết chỗ ở phù hợp với một loạt các 'những điều để xem và làm', vì vậy những gì đang được bán ra là một kỳ nghỉ đầy đủ, không chỉ nhà trọ. Mặc dù mong muốn, điều này không nhất thiết có nghĩa lão hóa gói đầy đủ các sản phẩm khác: người ta thường chỉ để sử dụng nhà cung cấp bổ sung trong tiếp thị và cặp vợ chồng này với việc cung cấp các thông tin tốt trên trang web. Những người khác sẽ đi xa hơn và recom-mend một hệ thống quản lý hoàn thành điểm đến (DMS) mà hoạt động như một sở trung lập và hệ thống Đặt phòng để ngành công nghiệp du lịch, mà sẽ đặt các doanh nghiệp nhỏ trên chân tương tự như các nhà cung cấp công ty lớn.Implementation of a complete DMS via the NTO or regional tourist association is no easy task: in the past, proposals at the local level have foundered on the unwillingness of smaoll enterprises to give commission, to make booking allocations available, competitive jealousies concerning the equity of how bookings will be distributed by operating staff and arguments over classifica-tion and grading – an essential ingredient for the inclusion in such a scheme, as in all tourist bureau publications. Such experiences suggest that a complete DMS cannot be implemented or sustained without a great deal of public sector involvement and cooperation, particularly if the ETC’s ideal of Europe as a single destination is to be realised. As discussed further in Chapter 22, various systems are now available to enble potential visitors to assemble their own intineraies.The usual role of the NTO is to act as a facilitator to booking through povision of information on its web portal that gives links to agencies providing reservation services, so that end users and resellers can access the product of the destination. By this means NTOs enable end users and resellers to search, book and pay in a single application, as well as bulding networks to connect businesses and consumers to TICS. The reasons why people do not book online are to do with ease of booking, credit card secuity, trust in the supplier and lack of consistent information, though it is becoming clear that even the smallest accommodation provider is requiring a website and email facilities because the chances of potential guests walking in without proification are diminishing. In this respect, the adoption of ICT is crucial, for by lowering distribution costs for suppliers and reducing search cost for consumers, via the internet in particular, market poten-tial is widened. Experience has shown that the ICT phenomenon has radically increased the collective market share of niche products and flattened the sales distribution pattern, producing what has been termed by writers in this field ‘the long tail” that allows many more products to sustain themselves in the marketplace. Nor should travel and social media sites (referred to as eWOM sites ) such as Trip Advisor, facebook and twitter be ignored, as they are powerful distri-bution channels for highlighting positive and negative feedback. Placing weitten and video blogs are a wayof maximising online distribution. The modern tourist is able to use portable technologies such as a tablet or smartphone to view the destination, take advice from tripadvisor, and book online. Interactivity with the customer to find out what they want and say through website contacts, social media chat rooms, emails and mobile phone messaging offers a new dimension to the traditional promotional mix, pushing the latter down the scale of relevanc.
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IMPACT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR
In the light of public sector involvement with tourism, either directly through a ministry with responsibility for tourism and the NTO, or indirectly through, say, foreign policy, legal controls or the provision of infrastructure, the government has at its disposal a series of instruments that can be used to manager tourism flows to meet its policy objectives. The manner in which actions by governments influence tourism may be classified in two ways:
Demand and revenue management: and
Supply and cost management.

Demand and revenue management
There are primarily five policy instruments used by governments to manage demand:
Marketing and promotion;
Information provision and network development;
Pricing;
Controlling access, and
Security and safety.
Marketing and promotion
As has already been observed, marketing is the principal function of the NTO and its job is to create and protect the ‘brand image’ of the country/destination. The specific techniques are discussed in part 4 of this text, so it is sufficient here to point out that the key requirements for effective marketing are clear objectives, a thorough knowledge of markets and products, and the allocation of adequate resources. It would, however, be putting the ‘cart before the horse’ without the product, which is generally not under the control of the NTO, hence the importance of assigning the NTO some development powers. Typically, with many other calls on the govern-ment’s budget, finance officials are naturallyparsimonious with regard to expenditure on marketing because of difficulties in measuring effectiveness. As a rule, amounts spent by governments and other public organisations on destination promotion are only a fraction of what is spent in total by the private sector. One of the main reasons for this is that private enter-prises are copeting for market share at the destination, whereas governments are interested in expanding the total market to the destination.
The issue of marketing effectiveness is very pertinent to the earlier discussion on conflicting objectives for public sector managers. The latter normally have to satisfy a range of stakeholders, with the result that campaigns are often ‘me too’ watered down propositions that fail to fifferen-tiate from the rest of the ‘clutter’ in the marketplace and squuander resources. Attempts to break though thismay generate considerable controversy in the media that has political repercussions. Similarly, establishing destination identities is usually conceived as exercises in local pride, , which fail as “promotional hooks’ for attracting tourists and in creating a distinctive sense of place.
Information provision and network development
The ability of tourists to express their demands depens upon their awareness of the facilities available, particularly attractions, which are a key component of leisure tourism. For a number of years there has been government interest in creating computer-based national reservation systems. NTOs in Europe have already been operation “holiday Hotlines’ and out –of-hours telephone information. In many countries, local tourist information centres (TICs) offfer a booking service to personal callers, though still very much a manual system requiring TIC staff to telephone accommodation establishments to check availability. For example, in britain, the TIC network was used to develop the ‘book a bed Ahead’ scheme for the independent traveller touring difeerent parts of the country. However, as more and more bookings are being made electronically, what is ideal is a fully networked computerised reservation system (CRS). The key to penetrating the source markets from the destinations lies in using the CRS to link suitable accommodation to a range of ‘things to see and do’, so what is being sold is a complete holiday, not just accommodation. Although desirable, this does not necessarily mean complete pack-aging of other products: it is common just to use complementary suppliers in marketing and to couple this with the provision of good information on site. Others would go further and recom-mend a complete destination management system (DMS) that acts as a neutral facilitator and reservation system to the tourist industry, which would put small businesses on the same footing as the major corporate suppliers.
Implementation of a complete DMS via the NTO or regional tourist association is no easy task: in the past, proposals at the local level have foundered on the unwillingness of smaoll enterprises to give commission, to make booking allocations available, competitive jealousies concerning the equity of how bookings will be distributed by operating staff and arguments over classifica-tion and grading – an essential ingredient for the inclusion in such a scheme, as in all tourist bureau publications. Such experiences suggest that a complete DMS cannot be implemented or sustained without a great deal of public sector involvement and cooperation, particularly if the ETC’s ideal of Europe as a single destination is to be realised. As discussed further in Chapter 22, various systems are now available to enble potential visitors to assemble their own intineraies.The usual role of the NTO is to act as a facilitator to booking through povision of information on its web portal that gives links to agencies providing reservation services, so that end users and resellers can access the product of the destination. By this means NTOs enable end users and resellers to search, book and pay in a single application, as well as bulding networks to connect businesses and consumers to TICS. The reasons why people do not book online are to do with ease of booking, credit card secuity, trust in the supplier and lack of consistent information, though it is becoming clear that even the smallest accommodation provider is requiring a website and email facilities because the chances of potential guests walking in without proification are diminishing. In this respect, the adoption of ICT is crucial, for by lowering distribution costs for suppliers and reducing search cost for consumers, via the internet in particular, market poten-tial is widened. Experience has shown that the ICT phenomenon has radically increased the collective market share of niche products and flattened the sales distribution pattern, producing what has been termed by writers in this field ‘the long tail” that allows many more products to sustain themselves in the marketplace. Nor should travel and social media sites (referred to as eWOM sites ) such as Trip Advisor, facebook and twitter be ignored, as they are powerful distri-bution channels for highlighting positive and negative feedback. Placing weitten and video blogs are a wayof maximising online distribution. The modern tourist is able to use portable technologies such as a tablet or smartphone to view the destination, take advice from tripadvisor, and book online. Interactivity with the customer to find out what they want and say through website contacts, social media chat rooms, emails and mobile phone messaging offers a new dimension to the traditional promotional mix, pushing the latter down the scale of relevanc.
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