This study demonstrated a mixed-modality vocabulary learning system for L2 undergraduates, and compared its
learning outcomes with an Internet dictionary and a traditional paper-based dictionary. The results showed that the
mixed-modality VLS, with the preference strategy setting (preference mode), stimulated the greatest vocabulary
retention. Findings also indicated that participants with different prior knowledge had distinctly different learning
outcomes. The mixed-modality VLS in basic mode had an effect that was similar to the Internet dictionary for lower
proficiency vocabulary learners. Higher proficiency vocabulary learners made use of the preference strategy, and
achieved more effective vocabulary retention; however, the mixed-modality vocabulary learning strategy produced
approximately the same learning outcomes as the Internet dictionary, with which the students were familiar.