Risk factors . Th e two biggest ris

Risk factors .
Th e two biggest risk factors for CDI are exposure to antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum antibiotics and exposure to the organism, usually through admission to a health-care facility.
Other factors in epidemiological studies that increase the risk of CDI include older age, gastrointestinal surgery, nasogastric tube feeding, reduced gastric acid, and concurrent disease, including inflammatory bowel disease ( 144,145,232 – 236 ). An impaired immuneresponse has been implicated; a small series showed that patients with C. diffi cile in their stools who developed diarrhea had lower levels of IgG to toxin A than those who remainedasymptomatic ( 237 ). Serious underlying illness and the presence of other concurrent diseases place the patient at increased risk of CDI, especially if the patient is receiving additional antibiotics for concurrent infections and has a longer hospital stay. As many risk factors for CDI are correlated, multivariate analysis provides independent risk estimates for variables that occur at the same time. Most multivariate models fi nd advanced age, antibiotic use, co-morbidities, and longer hospital stays are independently predictive of CDI ( 211,214,232 ). Although several studies have not shown an association with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and CDI, many other studies have found an association ( 235,236 ). A meta-analysis of 29 studies of patients with CDI found that PPI increased the risk of CDI (pooled odds ratio = 2.15, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.81 – 2.55) ( 234 ). Two recent meta-analyses confirm association and strengthen the evidence that PPI use is associated with an increased risk of CDI ( 7,8 ).

Results (Indonesian) 1:

Faktor risiko. Th e dua faktor terbesar risiko untuk CDI adalah paparan antibiotik, antibiotik spektrum luas terutama dan paparan organisme, biasanya melalui masuk ke fasilitas kesehatan.Other factors in epidemiological studies that increase the risk of CDI include older age, gastrointestinal surgery, nasogastric tube feeding, reduced gastric acid, and concurrent disease, including inflammatory bowel disease ( 144,145,232 – 236 ). An impaired immuneresponse has been implicated; a small series showed that patients with C. diffi cile in their stools who developed diarrhea had lower levels of IgG to toxin A than those who remainedasymptomatic ( 237 ). Serious underlying illness and the presence of other concurrent diseases place the patient at increased risk of CDI, especially if the patient is receiving additional antibiotics for concurrent infections and has a longer hospital stay. As many risk factors for CDI are correlated, multivariate analysis provides independent risk estimates for variables that occur at the same time. Most multivariate models fi nd advanced age, antibiotic use, co-morbidities, and longer hospital stays are independently predictive of CDI ( 211,214,232 ). Although several studies have not shown an association with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and CDI, many other studies have found an association ( 235,236 ). A meta-analysis of 29 studies of patients with CDI found that PPI increased the risk of CDI (pooled odds ratio = 2.15, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.81 – 2.55) ( 234 ). Two recent meta-analyses confirm association and strengthen the evidence that PPI use is associated with an increased risk of CDI ( 7,8 ).