5 Benin 15 Botswana 10 Chile 6 Colo

5


Benin



15


Botswana



10


Chile



6


Colombia

10

5

4

0

5
0

0
–5

2
0

–5
1940

1960

1980

2000

–5
1940

1960

1980

2000

–10
1940

1960

1980

2000

–2
1940

1960

1980

2000

20

Cyprus

5

Ghana

5

Guinea

10

Guinea-Bissau

10
0

0
–5


0

5
0
–5

–10
1940

1960

1980

2000

–10
1940

1960

1980

2000

–5
1940

1960

1980

2000

–10
1940

1960

1980

2000


10

Guyana

10

Hungary

10

Indonesia

10

Israel

0
–10

5
0

5
0

5
0

–20
1940


1960


1980


2000

–5
1940


1960


1980


2000

–5
1940


1960


1980


2000

–5
1940


1960


1980


2000


20


Jordan


10


Korea, Republic of

10
5

Mali


15
10

Mauritius

10
0

5
0

0
–5

5
0

–10
1940


1960


1980


2000

–5
1940


1960


1980


2000

–10
1940


1960


1980


2000

–5
1940


1960


1980


2000

10

Mexico

10

Paraguay

10

Philippines

10

Poland

5
0

5
0

5
0
–5

5
0
–5

–5
1940

1960

1980

2000

–5
1940

1960

1980

2000

–10
1940

1960

1980

2000

–10
1940

1960

1980

2000

10

Taiwan

10

Tunisia

20

Uganda

10

Uruguay

8
6
4

5
0

10
0

5
0
–5

2
1940

1960

1980

2000

–5
1940

1960

1980

2000

–10
1940

1960

1980

2000

–10
1940

1960

1980

2000


3-year MA of Growth
Average Growth (after Trade Liberalization)


Average Growth (before Trade Liberalization)
Date of Liberatization

F I G U R E 9 . 7 Impact of trade liberalization on economic growth. On average, trade liberalization increases
GDP growth but not always. Source: Wacziarg and Welch, Trade Liberalization and Growth: New
Evidence NBER Working Paper 10152 (2003).


is not surprising that increased trade does not systematically affect inequality. When
countries trade more, some sectors expand and others contract. If poor people work in
the sector that expands, then inequality will decline; if they are based in the sector that
contracts, then inequality will rise. This pattern can be seen clearly in Figure 9.8—trade
liberalization often has a marked impact on inequality, sometimes for the better and
sometimes for the worse. Therefore, while trade liberalization will frequently benefit

Results (Indonesian) 1:

5 Benin 15 Botswana 10 Cile 6 Kolombia 10 5 4 0 50 0–5 20 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –101940 1960 1980 2000 –21940 1960 1980 2000 20 Siprus 5 Ghana 5 Guinea 10 Guinea-Bissau 100 0–5 0 50–5 –101940 1960 1980 2000 –101940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –101940 1960 1980 2000 10 Guyana 10 Hongaria 10 Indonesia 10 Israel 0–10 50 50 50 –201940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 20 Yordania 10 Korea, Republik 105 Mali 1510 Mauritius 100 50 0–5 50 –101940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –101940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 10 Meksiko 10 Paraguay 10 Filipina 10 Polandia 50 50 50–5 50–5 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –101940 1960 1980 2000 –101940 1960 1980 2000 10 Taiwan 10 Tunisia 20 Uganda 10 Uruguay 864 50 100 50–5 21940 1960 1980 2000 –51940 1960 1980 2000 –101940 1960 1980 2000 –101940 1960 1980 2000 3-tahun MA pertumbuhanRata-rata pertumbuhan (setelah liberalisasi perdagangan) Rata-rata pertumbuhan (sebelum liberalisasi perdagangan)Tanggal Liberatization F SAYA G U R E 9. 7 dampak dari liberalisasi perdagangan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Rata-rata, perdagangan liberalisasi meningkatPertumbuhan PDB tetapi tidak selalu. Sumber: Wacziarg dan Welch, perdagangan liberalisasi dan pertumbuhan: baruBukti NBER makalah yang 10152 (2003).ini tidak mengherankan bahwa peningkatan perdagangan tidak sistematis mempengaruhi ketidaksetaraan. Kapannegara perdagangan lebih banyak, beberapa sektor memperluas dan lain-lain kontrak. Jika orang-orang miskin bekerja disektor yang mengembang, maka ketimpangan akan menurun; Jika mereka berada di sektor yangkontrak, kemudian ketidaksetaraan akan naik. Pola ini dapat dilihat dengan jelas dalam gambar 9.8 — perdaganganliberalisasi sering memiliki dampak ditandai pada ketidaksetaraan, kadang-kadang untuk menjadi lebih baik dankadang-kadang untuk yang lebih buruk. Oleh karena itu, sementara liberalisasi perdagangan akan sering benefit