an endosymbiont. In the mature stage, Geosiphon produces transparent b translation - an endosymbiont. In the mature stage, Geosiphon produces transparent b Indonesian how to say

an endosymbiont. In the mature stag

an endosymbiont. In the mature stage, Geosiphon produces transparent bladder-like structures on the soil surface, each about 1 mm high, with the cyanobacteria located towards the top of the bladders (Fig. 13.24). Hyphae radiate into the soil from the base of the bladders, and it is possible (but as yet unproven) that these hyphae interact with plant roots to form arbuscular mycorrhizas. When the partnership is fully established, the cyanobacteria are photosynthetically active, and the cyanobacteria produce heterocysts, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Experimental studies have revealed several stages in the development of this unique symbiosis. The two partners initially live independently on the soil surface and the partnership is only established when the cyanobacteria are present in a specific stage of their life cycle, termed the primordium stage. When cyanobacteria in this stage make contact with the fungus, the tip of the hypha bulges and surrounds some of thecyanobacterial cells, which are then incorporated into the fungus by endocytosis. This leads eventually to the development of a symbiosome – a membrane-bound structure containing the cyanobacteria but separating them from the rest of the cell contents (Fig. 13.25). It is notable that each bladder represents the result of a single incorporation of cyanobacteria, so this would have to happen many times in the colony. Once formed, the individual bladders can live for more than half a year.The cyanobacterial symbiont in these associations (Nostoc punctiforme) can be grown quite easily in laboratory conditions, and several strains of this cyanobacterium can be used to establish the Geosiphon symbiosis – even cyanobacterial strains from other symbiotic associations such as the liverwort Blasia and the higher plant, Gunnera. There is strong evidence that Geosiphon represents a symbiotic and mutualistic association. The fungus benefits primarily from a supply of photosynthate from the cyanobacterium, while the cyanobacterium probably depends on the fungus for a supply of phosphate. Consistent with this, the Geosiphon bladders have been shown to be impermeable to even small organic compounds such as sugars, so the fungus would need to be supplied with these by the photosynthetic partner. This astonishing newly discovered type of symbiosis should spur renewed interest in the study of rudimentary associations among the microscopic organisms in soil.
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sebuah endosimbion. Pada tahap matang, Geosiphon menghasilkan transparan kandung kemih-seperti struktur di permukaan tanah, masing-masing sekitar 1 mm tinggi, dengan cyanobacteria terletak di bagian atas dari kandung kemih (Gambar. 13,24). Hifa memancarkan ke dalam tanah dari dasar kandung kemih, dan mungkin (tetapi belum terbukti) bahwa hifa berinteraksi dengan akar tanaman untuk membentuk Arbus <br>mycorrhizas cular. Ketika kemitraan sepenuhnya didirikan, cyanobacteria adalah photosynthetically aktif, dan cyanobacteria menghasilkan heterosis, yang dapat fi x nitrogen atmosfer.<br>Studi eksperimental telah mengungkapkan beberapa tahap dalam pengembangan simbiosis yang unik ini. Kedua mitra awalnya hidup mandiri di permukaan tanah dan kemitraan ini hanya didirikan ketika cyanobacteria yang hadir dalam spesifik tahap siklus hidup mereka, disebut tahap primordial. Ketika cyanobacteria dalam tahap ini melakukan kontak dengan jamur, ujung tonjolan hifa dan mengelilingi beberapa<br>sel cyanobacteria, yang kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam jamur oleh endositosis. Ini mengarah pada akhirnya untuk pengembangan symbiosome - sebuah struktur membran-terikat mengandung cyanobacteria tapi memisahkan mereka dari sisa isi sel (Gambar 13.25.). Perlu dicatat bahwa setiap kandung kemih merupakan hasil dari penggabungan tunggal cyanobacteria, jadi ini harus terjadi berkali-kali dalam koloni. Setelah terbentuk, kandung kemih individu dapat hidup selama lebih dari setengah tahun. <br>The simbion cyanobacterial dalam asosiasi ini (Nostoc punctiforme) dapat tumbuh cukup mudah dalam kondisi laboratorium, dan beberapa strain dari cyanobacterium ini dapat digunakan untuk menetapkan Geosiphon simbiosis - bahkan strain cyanobacteria dari asosiasi simbiosis lain seperti liverwort Blasia dan tanaman lebih tinggi , Gunnera.<br>Ada bukti kuat bahwa Geosiphon merupakan asosiasi simbiosis mutualistik dan. Jamur bene fi ts terutama dari pasokan fotosintat dari cyanobacterium, sementara cyanobacterium mungkin tergantung pada jamur untuk pasokan fosfat. Konsisten dengan ini, kandung kemih Geosiphon telah terbukti menjadi kedap senyawa organik bahkan kecil seperti gula, sehingga jamur akan perlu disediakan dengan ini dengan mitra fotosintesis. Ini mengherankan jenis baru ditemukan simbiosis harus memacu minat baru dalam studi asosiasi yang belum sempurna antara organisme mikroskopis di dalam tanah.
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