Thus, when the conflict between the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agr translation - Thus, when the conflict between the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agr Indonesian how to say

Thus, when the conflict between the

Thus, when the conflict between the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agreement arises on trans-boundary movement of LMOs, it does not only create the question of treaty interpretation, such as which of the two agreements prevails, but also triggers the question of jurisdiction since the WTO dispute settlement only has the jurisdiction over the covered Agreements in the WTO. Hence, it seems that there is no possibility of enforcing the PP under the Cartagena Protocol when it conflicts with the SPS Agreement if the Panel and the AB do not interpret the provisions of the SPS Agreement in the context of the Cartagena Protocol. Consequently, the application of PP in the Cartagena Protocol will be hopeless, if there is no willingness and comprehensive interpretation of the DSB when a dispute is brought before the DSB.

Nevertheless, it is challenging to figure out and to harmonize the application of the two agreements, because each of them has different objectives, scope and jurisdiction. On the other hand, the theory of treaty interpretation in the Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties does not apparently solve the conflicts. It may be a step to the right direction if the dispute resolution understanding of the WTO recognizes the Cartagena Protocol, which is one of MEAs. Nevertheless, it will be very difficult to amend the Dispute Resolution Understanding to give way MEAs in WTO’s covered Agreements. Thus, in order to comprehend the implementation of PP under the SPS Agreement in the WTO dispute settlements, the next chapter discusses the implementation of PP under the SPS Agreement in the WTO dispute settlements.

In international trade, states should follow the international standards of safety measures based on risk assessment by conducting repeated lab-testing and field-testing. Nobody, individual scientists and companies, should engage themselves in developing GMOs for the sake of short-term economic gain or name and fame. They should give priority to the PP provisions contained in the Cartagena Protocol.

Above all, we have noticed that there are two different international legal instruments, having provisions for magnitude of applicability of the PP, made to serve two different purposes. The one, which facilitates international trade, prescribes a weak precautionary measure; on the contrary, the one, which serves the purpose of conservation of the environment, prescribes a strong precautionary measure. In the midst of the two extremes, we should look at the facts on the ground. If in a country people are starving and there is a pressing need to supply food to them, the soft precaution should be applied. On the contrary, if the movement on GMOs is simply a matter of trade, the hard precaution should be applied, because only by that we can ensure “human, animal and plant life and health” and conserve the environment. This is a comprehensive approach opposed to the doctrine of fragmentation of International Law.
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Thus, when the conflict between the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agreement arises on trans-boundary movement of LMOs, it does not only create the question of treaty interpretation, such as which of the two agreements prevails, but also triggers the question of jurisdiction since the WTO dispute settlement only has the jurisdiction over the covered Agreements in the WTO. Hence, it seems that there is no possibility of enforcing the PP under the Cartagena Protocol when it conflicts with the SPS Agreement if the Panel and the AB do not interpret the provisions of the SPS Agreement in the context of the Cartagena Protocol. Consequently, the application of PP in the Cartagena Protocol will be hopeless, if there is no willingness and comprehensive interpretation of the DSB when a dispute is brought before the DSB.Nevertheless, it is challenging to figure out and to harmonize the application of the two agreements, because each of them has different objectives, scope and jurisdiction. On the other hand, the theory of treaty interpretation in the Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties does not apparently solve the conflicts. It may be a step to the right direction if the dispute resolution understanding of the WTO recognizes the Cartagena Protocol, which is one of MEAs. Nevertheless, it will be very difficult to amend the Dispute Resolution Understanding to give way MEAs in WTO’s covered Agreements. Thus, in order to comprehend the implementation of PP under the SPS Agreement in the WTO dispute settlements, the next chapter discusses the implementation of PP under the SPS Agreement in the WTO dispute settlements.In international trade, states should follow the international standards of safety measures based on risk assessment by conducting repeated lab-testing and field-testing. Nobody, individual scientists and companies, should engage themselves in developing GMOs for the sake of short-term economic gain or name and fame. They should give priority to the PP provisions contained in the Cartagena Protocol.Above all, we have noticed that there are two different international legal instruments, having provisions for magnitude of applicability of the PP, made to serve two different purposes. The one, which facilitates international trade, prescribes a weak precautionary measure; on the contrary, the one, which serves the purpose of conservation of the environment, prescribes a strong precautionary measure. In the midst of the two extremes, we should look at the facts on the ground. If in a country people are starving and there is a pressing need to supply food to them, the soft precaution should be applied. On the contrary, if the movement on GMOs is simply a matter of trade, the hard precaution should be applied, because only by that we can ensure “human, animal and plant life and health” and conserve the environment. This is a comprehensive approach opposed to the doctrine of fragmentation of International Law.
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Jadi, ketika konflik antara Protokol Cartagena dan Persetujuan SPS muncul pada gerakan lintas batas LMOs, tidak hanya membuat pertanyaan penafsiran perjanjian, seperti yang dari dua perjanjian berlaku, tetapi juga memicu pertanyaan yurisdiksi sejak WTO penyelesaian sengketa hanya memiliki yurisdiksi atas Perjanjian tercakup dalam WTO. Oleh karena itu, tampaknya tidak ada kemungkinan menegakkan PP di bawah Protokol Cartagena apabila bertentangan dengan Perjanjian SPS jika Panel dan AB tidak menafsirkan ketentuan Perjanjian SPS dalam konteks Protokol Cartagena. Akibatnya, penerapan PP di Cartagena Protocol akan putus asa, jika tidak ada kemauan dan interpretasi komprehensif dari DSB ketika sengketa dibawa sebelum DSB.

Namun demikian, itu menantang untuk mencari tahu dan untuk menyelaraskan penerapan dua perjanjian, karena masing-masing dari mereka memiliki tujuan yang berbeda, ruang lingkup dan yurisdiksi. Di sisi lain, teori penafsiran perjanjian dalam Konvensi Wina tentang Hukum Perjanjian tidak tampaknya memecahkan konflik. Ini mungkin menjadi langkah ke arah yang benar jika pemahaman penyelesaian sengketa WTO mengakui Cartagena Protocol, yang merupakan salah satu MEA. Namun demikian, hal itu akan sangat sulit untuk mengubah Memahami Penyelesaian Sengketa untuk memberikan MEA cara Perjanjian tertutup WTO. Dengan demikian, dalam rangka untuk memahami pelaksanaan PP di bawah Perjanjian SPS di pemukiman sengketa WTO, bab berikutnya membahas pelaksanaan PP di bawah Perjanjian SPS di pemukiman sengketa WTO.

Dalam perdagangan internasional, negara harus mengikuti standar internasional keselamatan langkah-langkah berdasarkan penilaian risiko dengan melakukan berulang lab-pengujian dan uji coba lapangan. Tak seorang pun, ilmuwan dan perusahaan-perusahaan individu, harus melibatkan diri dalam mengembangkan transgenik demi keuntungan ekonomi jangka pendek atau nama dan ketenaran. Mereka harus memberikan prioritas pada ketentuan PP yang terkandung dalam Protokol Cartagena.

Di atas semua, kita telah melihat bahwa ada dua instrumen hukum internasional yang berbeda, memiliki ketentuan untuk besarnya penerapan PP, dibuat untuk melayani dua tujuan yang berbeda. Satu, yang memfasilitasi perdagangan internasional, menetapkan tindakan pencegahan yang lemah; sebaliknya, satu, yang melayani tujuan konservasi lingkungan, menetapkan langkah pencegahan yang kuat. Di tengah dua ekstrem, kita harus melihat pada fakta di lapangan. Jika di negara orang kelaparan dan ada kebutuhan mendesak untuk memasok makanan kepada mereka, tindakan pencegahan yang lembut harus diterapkan. Sebaliknya, jika pergerakan pada GMO adalah hanya masalah perdagangan, pencegahan keras harus diterapkan, karena hanya dengan itu kita dapat memastikan "manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan hidup dan kesehatan" dan melestarikan lingkungan. Ini adalah pendekatan yang komprehensif bertentangan dengan doktrin fragmentasi Hukum Internasional.
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