Business deductions in excess of business income result in losses that may offset other income. However, losses from passive activities may reduce only income from other passive activities.[31] Passive activities include most rental activities (except for real estate professionals) and business activities in which the taxpayer does not materially participate. In addition, losses may not, in most cases, be deducted in excess of the taxpayer's amount at risk (generally tax basis in the entity plus share of debt).