METHODOLOGYOne hundred and one 8th grade students from three intact cl translation - METHODOLOGYOne hundred and one 8th grade students from three intact cl Indonesian how to say

METHODOLOGYOne hundred and one 8th

METHODOLOGY
One hundred and one 8th grade students from three intact classes from one of the elementary schools located in an urban area were involved in the study. The three classes were instructed by the same science teacher. The instructional methods were randomly assigned to the groups. The study utilized two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group consisted of 33 students (15 girls and 18 boys) and was instructed with the 5E learning cycle method.These cond experimental group consisted of 34 students (12 girls and 22 boys)
and was instructed with the conceptual change text instruction method. The control group consisted of 34 students (17 girls and 17 boys) and was instructed with the traditional instruction method. The duration of the lessons was six 40-min periods. Two instruments were used to collect data: a Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants Concept test and an Attitudes Scale toward Science as a
School Subject test. The Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants Concept Test—This test, originally called “What do You Know About Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants?,” was developed by Haslam and Treagust [3]. It was adminis tered to determine students’ understanding of photosynthesis and respiration in plants. It included 13 two-tier multiple-choice questions. The first tier of each item consisted of content knowledge with two, three, or four alternatives, and the second tier consisted of reasons for the first tier, including a scientifically correct answer and three
identified misconceptions [3]. A student’s answer to an item was considered correct if the student answered both the content part and the reason part correctly. The reliability of the test was found to be 0.70. Difficulty indices ranged from 0.15 to 0.85, providing a wide range of difficulty in the item. The test was administered to both experimental and control groups as pre-test and post-test.
Attitude Scale toward Science as a School Subject This test is a 15-item, five-point Likert-type scale used to measure students’ attitudes toward science as a school subject. The choices for each item were strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, and strongly disagree. The reliability coefficient computed by Cronbach alpha estimates of internal consistency of this scale was found to be
0.91.This scale was administered to students in all groupsbefore the treatment.
TREATMENT
This study was conducted over a period of 3 weeks during the 2003–2004 fall semester. Three classes including 101 students were involved in the study. The instructional methods were randomly assigned to the classes. Instructions in all the classes were observed by the researcher to verify the treatment. Students in all groups were exposed to same content for the same duration. The topic related to target concepts was covered as a part of the regular curriculum. In the control group, the teacher-directed strategy was used as traditional instruction, and the teacher used lecture and discussion methods to the target concepts. At the beginning of the instruction, students read the topic from their textbooks in the classroom. Then, the teacher explained the concepts related to photosynthesis and respiration in plants. These concepts were producer, plants’ food, purpose of photosynthesis, formula of photosynthesis, and respiration in plants. After explaining the concepts, the teacher performed demonstrations related with photosynthesis given in the textbook. The teacher’s demonstrations exactly followed the procedure given in the science text book. The students did not actively participate in demonstrations. They observed the teacher silently and asked questions. At the end of the lesson, the teacher asked several questions related to the demonstrations, received students’ responses, and explained the results. Students in the first experimental group were instructed with the 5E learning cycle method. Two separate 5E learning cycle lessons, one for photosynthesis and one for respiration in plants, were designed by focusing on students’ misconceptions and the objectives of the lesson. In the first phase, Engagement, students’ interest and motivation were promoted by asking questions about photosynthesis and respiration. Its purpose was to capture students’ imagination. The Exploration phase was designed to give students common, practical experiences, allowing them to build on their developing concepts and skills. Students gathered information, tested out ideas, recorded observations, experimented, and so on. The Explanation phase permitted students to make sense of their explorations. They were encouraged to find patterns, relationships, and answers to questions. The Elaboration phase gave students the opportunity to extend their knowledge of concepts to other contexts. This phase is vital in developing more general views of phenomena as students identify similarities in different contexts. The final phase is Evaluation, in which students’ understandings were
assessed. In the second experimental group, students were instructed with the conceptual change text instruction method. Two conceptual change texts, one for photosynthesis and one for respiration in plants, were prepared by using conditions proposed by Posneretal.[9]. In the texts,
the concepts were introduced by asking questions, and students’ possible answers that are not scientifically correct were stated directly. Because of this technique, students were expected to be dissatisfied with their current conceptions. Then, scientifically correct ideas that are intelligible and plausible were presented. Moreover, examples and figures were inserted into the texts with the
intention of further helping students comprehend the scientific concept and understand the limitations of their own existing ideas. Before the beginning of the instruction, the teacher was
informed about the implementation of both the conceptual change texts and the 5 E learning cycle in three 1-h training sessions. At the end of the treatment, all students were given a concept test as a post-test to assess the effect of treatments.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The percentages of students in experimental and control groups selecting the desired content choice and reason (combination) were evaluated for both pre-post tests. The results indicated that although the average percentage of students in the 5E group holding the scientifically correct view had risen from 20.75 to 45.45%, a gain of 24.7%, the percentage of correct responses of the students in the conceptual change text group had increased from 33.02 to 48.9%, a gain of 15.89% after treatment. The percentage of correct responses of the students in the control group, however, had increased from 38.89 to 43.42%, a gain of 4.53%. These results indicate the students’ low level of conceptual understanding even after the treatment. Analysis of the results revealed that students in experimental and control groups have many misconceptions about photosynthesis and respiration in plants (Table I).
For example, most students’ conceptions were quite different from the scientific meaning. Several students perceived photosynthesis as a gas exchange process during which carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is given off. Responses such as “the purpose of photosynthesis is to produce energy because photosynthesis provides energy for plant growth” give evidence that many students also perceived photosynthesis as an energy-producing mechanism. They failed to realize that plants use photosynthesis to produce their own food. The reason why students view photosynthesis as an energy-producing process is that energy has always been an abstract concept for students to understand. This may lead to difficulties in understand-

Green plants respire only during daylight because green plants do not respire, they only photosynthesize, and photosynthesis provides energy for the plant. During respiration, green plants take in carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light energy to form glucose. Carbon dioxide and water are used by the green plant to produce energy, during which time glucose and oxygen
waste are produced. Photosynthesis takes place in green plants only, and respiration takes place in animals only, because green plants photosynthesize and do not respire at all.
Respiration is a process that does not take place in green plants when photosynthesis is taking place because it only occurs when there is no light energy. Respiration in plants takes place in the cells of the roots only because only roots have small pores to breathe. Carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, which occurs in green plants all the time. Green plants do not respire in the presence of light energy.



CONCLUSIONS
The finding of the present study indicated that both the
5E learning cycle method and the conceptual change text instruction method caused a significantly better acquisition of scientific conceptions related to photosynthesis and respiration in plants than traditional instruction. In the experimental groups, the emphasis was given to students’
misconceptions. Students were involved in activities that helped them activate their prior knowledge and struggle with their misconceptions. These activities also provide evidence that students’ initial conceptions are insufficient and support only partial understanding of the concepts.To deal with these misconceptions, for instance, in the conceptual change text instruction, students became dissatsfied with their existing conceptions. This dissatisfaction et them accept better explanations to the situation that were introduced. In this way, students were allowed to think about their prior knowledge and reflect on it. The important part in the implementation of the conceptual
change text instruction was the intensive teacher-student interaction. Such a discussion environment provides opportunities for greater involvement, thereby giving students
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METHODOLOGYOne hundred and one 8th grade students from three intact classes from one of the elementary schools located in an urban area were involved in the study. The three classes were instructed by the same science teacher. The instructional methods were randomly assigned to the groups. The study utilized two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group consisted of 33 students (15 girls and 18 boys) and was instructed with the 5E learning cycle method.These cond experimental group consisted of 34 students (12 girls and 22 boys)and was instructed with the conceptual change text instruction method. The control group consisted of 34 students (17 girls and 17 boys) and was instructed with the traditional instruction method. The duration of the lessons was six 40-min periods. Two instruments were used to collect data: a Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants Concept test and an Attitudes Scale toward Science as aSchool Subject test. The Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants Concept Test—This test, originally called “What do You Know About Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants?,” was developed by Haslam and Treagust [3]. It was adminis tered to determine students’ understanding of photosynthesis and respiration in plants. It included 13 two-tier multiple-choice questions. The first tier of each item consisted of content knowledge with two, three, or four alternatives, and the second tier consisted of reasons for the first tier, including a scientifically correct answer and threeidentified misconceptions [3]. A student’s answer to an item was considered correct if the student answered both the content part and the reason part correctly. The reliability of the test was found to be 0.70. Difficulty indices ranged from 0.15 to 0.85, providing a wide range of difficulty in the item. The test was administered to both experimental and control groups as pre-test and post-test.Attitude Scale toward Science as a School Subject This test is a 15-item, five-point Likert-type scale used to measure students’ attitudes toward science as a school subject. The choices for each item were strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, and strongly disagree. The reliability coefficient computed by Cronbach alpha estimates of internal consistency of this scale was found to be0.91.This scale was administered to students in all groupsbefore the treatment.TREATMENTThis study was conducted over a period of 3 weeks during the 2003–2004 fall semester. Three classes including 101 students were involved in the study. The instructional methods were randomly assigned to the classes. Instructions in all the classes were observed by the researcher to verify the treatment. Students in all groups were exposed to same content for the same duration. The topic related to target concepts was covered as a part of the regular curriculum. In the control group, the teacher-directed strategy was used as traditional instruction, and the teacher used lecture and discussion methods to the target concepts. At the beginning of the instruction, students read the topic from their textbooks in the classroom. Then, the teacher explained the concepts related to photosynthesis and respiration in plants. These concepts were producer, plants’ food, purpose of photosynthesis, formula of photosynthesis, and respiration in plants. After explaining the concepts, the teacher performed demonstrations related with photosynthesis given in the textbook. The teacher’s demonstrations exactly followed the procedure given in the science text book. The students did not actively participate in demonstrations. They observed the teacher silently and asked questions. At the end of the lesson, the teacher asked several questions related to the demonstrations, received students’ responses, and explained the results. Students in the first experimental group were instructed with the 5E learning cycle method. Two separate 5E learning cycle lessons, one for photosynthesis and one for respiration in plants, were designed by focusing on students’ misconceptions and the objectives of the lesson. In the first phase, Engagement, students’ interest and motivation were promoted by asking questions about photosynthesis and respiration. Its purpose was to capture students’ imagination. The Exploration phase was designed to give students common, practical experiences, allowing them to build on their developing concepts and skills. Students gathered information, tested out ideas, recorded observations, experimented, and so on. The Explanation phase permitted students to make sense of their explorations. They were encouraged to find patterns, relationships, and answers to questions. The Elaboration phase gave students the opportunity to extend their knowledge of concepts to other contexts. This phase is vital in developing more general views of phenomena as students identify similarities in different contexts. The final phase is Evaluation, in which students’ understandings wereassessed. In the second experimental group, students were instructed with the conceptual change text instruction method. Two conceptual change texts, one for photosynthesis and one for respiration in plants, were prepared by using conditions proposed by Posneretal.[9]. In the texts,the concepts were introduced by asking questions, and students’ possible answers that are not scientifically correct were stated directly. Because of this technique, students were expected to be dissatisfied with their current conceptions. Then, scientifically correct ideas that are intelligible and plausible were presented. Moreover, examples and figures were inserted into the texts with theintention of further helping students comprehend the scientific concept and understand the limitations of their own existing ideas. Before the beginning of the instruction, the teacher wasinformed about the implementation of both the conceptual change texts and the 5 E learning cycle in three 1-h training sessions. At the end of the treatment, all students were given a concept test as a post-test to assess the effect of treatments.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe percentages of students in experimental and control groups selecting the desired content choice and reason (combination) were evaluated for both pre-post tests. The results indicated that although the average percentage of students in the 5E group holding the scientifically correct view had risen from 20.75 to 45.45%, a gain of 24.7%, the percentage of correct responses of the students in the conceptual change text group had increased from 33.02 to 48.9%, a gain of 15.89% after treatment. The percentage of correct responses of the students in the control group, however, had increased from 38.89 to 43.42%, a gain of 4.53%. These results indicate the students’ low level of conceptual understanding even after the treatment. Analysis of the results revealed that students in experimental and control groups have many misconceptions about photosynthesis and respiration in plants (Table I).For example, most students’ conceptions were quite different from the scientific meaning. Several students perceived photosynthesis as a gas exchange process during which carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is given off. Responses such as “the purpose of photosynthesis is to produce energy because photosynthesis provides energy for plant growth” give evidence that many students also perceived photosynthesis as an energy-producing mechanism. They failed to realize that plants use photosynthesis to produce their own food. The reason why students view photosynthesis as an energy-producing process is that energy has always been an abstract concept for students to understand. This may lead to difficulties in understand-

Green plants respire only during daylight because green plants do not respire, they only photosynthesize, and photosynthesis provides energy for the plant. During respiration, green plants take in carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light energy to form glucose. Carbon dioxide and water are used by the green plant to produce energy, during which time glucose and oxygen
waste are produced. Photosynthesis takes place in green plants only, and respiration takes place in animals only, because green plants photosynthesize and do not respire at all.
Respiration is a process that does not take place in green plants when photosynthesis is taking place because it only occurs when there is no light energy. Respiration in plants takes place in the cells of the roots only because only roots have small pores to breathe. Carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, which occurs in green plants all the time. Green plants do not respire in the presence of light energy.



CONCLUSIONS
The finding of the present study indicated that both the
5E learning cycle method and the conceptual change text instruction method caused a significantly better acquisition of scientific conceptions related to photosynthesis and respiration in plants than traditional instruction. In the experimental groups, the emphasis was given to students’
misconceptions. Students were involved in activities that helped them activate their prior knowledge and struggle with their misconceptions. These activities also provide evidence that students’ initial conceptions are insufficient and support only partial understanding of the concepts.To deal with these misconceptions, for instance, in the conceptual change text instruction, students became dissatsfied with their existing conceptions. This dissatisfaction et them accept better explanations to the situation that were introduced. In this way, students were allowed to think about their prior knowledge and reflect on it. The important part in the implementation of the conceptual
change text instruction was the intensive teacher-student interaction. Such a discussion environment provides opportunities for greater involvement, thereby giving students
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METODOLOGI
Seratus satu siswa kelas 8 dari tiga kelas utuh dari salah satu sekolah dasar yang terletak di daerah perkotaan yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Tiga kelas diperintahkan oleh guru sains yang sama. Metode pembelajaran secara acak ditugaskan untuk kelompok. Studi ini dimanfaatkan dua kelompok eksperimen dan satu kelompok kontrol. Kelompok eksperimen pertama terdiri dari 33 siswa (15 perempuan dan 18 anak laki-laki) dan diperintahkan dengan siklus belajar 5E method.These kelompok eksperimen cond terdiri dari 34 siswa (12 perempuan dan 22 anak laki-laki)
dan diperintahkan dengan metode instruksi teks perubahan konseptual . Kelompok kontrol terdiri dari 34 siswa (17 perempuan dan 17 anak laki-laki) dan diperintahkan dengan metode instruksi tradisional. Durasi pelajaran adalah enam periode 40-min. Dua instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data: a Fotosintesis dan Respirasi dalam tes Tanaman Konsep dan Sikap Skala menuju Sains sebagai
tes Subjek Sekolah. The Fotosintesis dan Respirasi di Tanaman Konsep Uji-uji ini, awalnya disebut "Apa yang Anda Ketahui Tentang Fotosintesis dan Respirasi di Tanaman ?," dikembangkan oleh Haslam dan Treagust [3]. Itu administrasi yang tered untuk menentukan pemahaman siswa fotosintesis dan respirasi pada tumbuhan. Ini termasuk 13 dua-tier pertanyaan pilihan ganda. Tingkat pertama setiap item terdiri dari pengetahuan konten dengan dua, tiga, atau empat alternatif, dan tingkat kedua terdiri dari alasan untuk tingkat pertama, termasuk jawaban ilmiah yang benar dan tiga
kesalahpahaman diidentifikasi [3]. Jawaban Seorang mahasiswa untuk item dianggap benar jika siswa menjawab kedua bagian konten dan alasan bagian benar. Keandalan dari tes ditemukan 0,70. Indeks kesulitan berkisar 0,15-0,85, menyediakan berbagai macam kesulitan dalam item. Tes diberikan untuk kedua kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol sebagai pre-test dan post-test.
Skala Sikap terhadap Sains sebagai Sekolah Subjek Tes ini adalah 15-item, lima poin Likert-jenis skala yang digunakan untuk mengukur sikap siswa terhadap ilmu sebagai subjek sekolah. Pilihan untuk setiap item yang sangat setuju, setuju, ragu-ragu, tidak setuju, dan sangat tidak setuju. Koefisien reliabilitas dihitung dengan perkiraan alpha Cronbach konsistensi internal skala ini ditemukan
skala 0.91.This diberikan kepada siswa di semua groupsbefore pengobatan.
PENGOBATAN
Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 3 minggu selama semester musim gugur 2003-2004 . Tiga kelas termasuk 101 siswa terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Metode pembelajaran secara acak ditugaskan untuk kelas. Instruksi di semua kelas yang diamati oleh peneliti untuk memverifikasi pengobatan. Siswa di semua kelompok yang terkena konten yang sama untuk durasi yang sama. Topik yang terkait dengan target konsep ditutupi sebagai bagian dari kurikulum reguler. Pada kelompok kontrol, strategi guru-diarahkan digunakan sebagai instruksi tradisional, dan guru digunakan ceramah dan diskusi metode untuk konsep sasaran. Pada awal instruksi, siswa membaca topik dari buku teks mereka di dalam kelas. Kemudian, guru menjelaskan konsep-konsep yang berkaitan dengan fotosintesis dan respirasi pada tumbuhan. Konsep-konsep ini adalah produser, makanan tanaman ', tujuan fotosintesis, rumus fotosintesis, dan respirasi pada tumbuhan. Setelah menjelaskan konsep, guru dilakukan demonstrasi terkait dengan fotosintesis yang diberikan dalam buku teks. Demonstrasi guru persis mengikuti prosedur yang diberikan dalam buku teks ilmu pengetahuan. Para siswa tidak aktif berpartisipasi dalam demonstrasi. Mereka mengamati guru diam-diam dan mengajukan pertanyaan. Pada akhir pelajaran, guru mengajukan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan demonstrasi, menerima tanggapan siswa, dan menjelaskan hasil. Siswa dalam kelompok eksperimen pertama diperintahkan dengan metode siklus belajar 5E. Dua siklus pelajaran terpisah belajar 5E, satu untuk fotosintesis dan respirasi satu untuk di tanaman, dirancang dengan berfokus pada kesalahpahaman siswa dan tujuan pelajaran. Pada tahap pertama, Engagement, minat dan motivasi belajar siswa dipromosikan dengan mengajukan pertanyaan tentang fotosintesis dan respirasi. Tujuannya adalah untuk menangkap imajinasi siswa. Tahap Eksplorasi dirancang untuk memberikan siswa umum, pengalaman praktis, yang memungkinkan mereka untuk membangun konsep pengembangan dan keterampilan. Siswa mengumpulkan informasi, diuji ide, mencatat pengamatan, bereksperimen, dan sebagainya. Tahap Penjelasan diizinkan siswa untuk memahami eksplorasi mereka. Mereka didorong untuk menemukan pola, hubungan, dan jawaban atas pertanyaan. The Elaborasi fase memberi siswa kesempatan untuk memperluas pengetahuan mereka tentang konsep-konsep untuk konteks lain. Fase ini sangat penting dalam mengembangkan pandangan yang lebih umum dari fenomena sebagai siswa mengidentifikasi kesamaan dalam konteks yang berbeda. Tahap terakhir adalah Evaluasi, di mana pemahaman siswa yang
dinilai. Pada kelompok eksperimen kedua, siswa diinstruksikan dengan metode instruksi perubahan teks konseptual. Dua teks perubahan konseptual, satu untuk fotosintesis dan respirasi satu untuk di tanaman, disusun dengan menggunakan kondisi diusulkan oleh Posneretal. [9]. Dalam teks-teks,
konsep diperkenalkan dengan mengajukan pertanyaan, dan jawaban yang mungkin siswa yang tidak ilmiah benar dinyatakan langsung. Karena teknik ini, siswa diharapkan tidak puas dengan konsepsi mereka saat ini. Kemudian, ide-ide ilmiah yang benar yang dimengerti dan masuk akal disajikan. Selain itu, contoh dan angka yang dimasukkan ke dalam teks dengan
niat lanjut membantu siswa memahami konsep ilmiah dan memahami keterbatasan ide mereka sendiri yang ada. Sebelum awal instruksi, guru itu
diberitahu tentang pelaksanaan kedua teks perubahan konseptual dan 5 E siklus belajar dalam tiga sesi pelatihan 1-jam. Pada akhir pengobatan, semua siswa diberi tes konsep sebagai post-test untuk menilai efek dari pengobatan.
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Persentase siswa dalam kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol memilih pilihan konten yang diinginkan dan alasan (kombinasi) dievaluasi untuk kedua tes pra-pos. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun rata-rata persentase siswa dalam kelompok 5E memegang pandangan ilmiah yang benar telah bangkit 20,75-45,45%, keuntungan sebesar 24,7%, persentase jawaban yang benar dari siswa dalam kelompok perubahan teks konseptual telah meningkat dari 33,02-48,9%, keuntungan dari 15,89% setelah perawatan. Persentase jawaban yang benar dari siswa dalam kelompok kontrol, bagaimanapun, telah meningkat 38,89-43,42%, keuntungan sebesar 4,53%. Hasil ini menunjukkan tingkat rendah siswa pemahaman konseptual bahkan setelah pengobatan. Analisis hasil menunjukkan bahwa siswa di kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol memiliki banyak kesalahpahaman tentang fotosintesis dan respirasi pada tumbuhan (Tabel I).
Sebagai contoh, konsepsi sebagian besar siswa 'yang cukup berbeda dari makna ilmiah. Beberapa siswa dirasakan fotosintesis sebagai proses pertukaran gas selama karbon dioksida diambil dalam dan oksigen dilepaskan. Tanggapan seperti "tujuan fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan energi karena fotosintesis menyediakan energi untuk pertumbuhan tanaman" memberikan bukti bahwa banyak siswa juga dirasakan fotosintesis sebagai mekanisme penghasil energi. Mereka gagal untuk menyadari bahwa tanaman menggunakan fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan makanan mereka sendiri. Alasan mengapa siswa melihat fotosintesis sebagai proses yang menghasilkan energi adalah bahwa energi selalu menjadi konsep abstrak bagi siswa untuk memahami. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan kesulitan dalam pemahaman Tanaman hijau hanya bernafas selama siang hari karena tanaman hijau tidak bernafas, mereka hanya berfotosintesis, dan fotosintesis menyediakan energi bagi tanaman. Selama respirasi, tumbuhan hijau mengambil karbon dioksida dan air dengan adanya energi cahaya untuk membentuk glukosa. Karbon dioksida dan air yang digunakan oleh tanaman hijau untuk menghasilkan energi, selama glukosa waktu dan oksigen limbah yang dihasilkan. Fotosintesis terjadi pada tumbuhan hijau saja, dan respirasi terjadi pada hewan saja, karena tanaman hijau berfotosintesis dan tidak bernafas sama sekali. Respirasi adalah proses yang tidak terjadi pada tumbuhan hijau ketika fotosintesis berlangsung karena hanya terjadi ketika ada ada energi cahaya. Respirasi pada tumbuhan berlangsung di sel-sel akar hanya karena hanya akar memiliki pori-pori kecil untuk bernapas. Karbon dioksida digunakan dalam fotosintesis, yang terjadi pada tanaman hijau sepanjang waktu. Tanaman hijau tidak bernafas dengan adanya energi cahaya. KESIMPULAN Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua metode siklus belajar 5E dan metode instruksi perubahan teks konseptual menyebabkan akuisisi secara signifikan lebih baik dari konsepsi ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan fotosintesis dan respirasi pada tumbuhan dari instruksi tradisional. Dalam kelompok eksperimen, penekanan diberikan kepada siswa kesalahpahaman. Siswa terlibat dalam kegiatan yang membantu mereka mengaktifkan pengetahuan mereka sebelumnya dan berjuang dengan kesalahpahaman mereka. Kegiatan ini juga memberikan bukti bahwa konsepsi awal siswa tidak cukup dan hanya mendukung pemahaman parsial kesepakatan concepts.To dengan kesalahpahaman ini, misalnya, dalam instruksi perubahan teks konseptual, siswa menjadi dissatsfied dengan konsepsi yang ada. Ketidakpuasan ini et mereka menerima penjelasan yang lebih baik untuk situasi yang diperkenalkan. Dengan cara ini, siswa diizinkan untuk berpikir tentang pengetahuan mereka sebelumnya dan merefleksikan itu. Bagian penting dalam pelaksanaan konseptual instruksi perubahan teks adalah interaksi guru-murid yang intensif. Lingkungan diskusi tersebut memberikan kesempatan bagi keterlibatan yang lebih besar, sehingga memberikan siswa











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