Method  We reviewed articles in the past 18 years (since 1996). We che translation - Method  We reviewed articles in the past 18 years (since 1996). We che Indonesian how to say

Method We reviewed articles in the

Method

We reviewed articles in the past 18 years (since 1996). We checked medline using the key words ‘productivity’, ‘osteoporosis’ and ‘preventing’, and limited the search to the English language. We found 10 articles (including four review articles) and focused on the relationship between osteoporosis, productivity and preventing activities.
Material
DEFINITION:
Osteoporosis, a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in the risk of fractures [1], is a problem that is relevant to public health. The condition primarily affects postmenopausal women, although it may also affect elderly men. The most common clinical outcomes of osteoporosis are fractures of the spine, forearm and hip. Of these, hip fractures are the most severe, but are also the most readily diagnosed and the best documented. (Jacob, 2001). At first glance, bones look solid, but that is far from being the case. When they are young, they are hollow and the material of which they are made is full of tiny holes. 315 As we grow older, the holes get bigger, like in a piece Swiss cheese, and the bones become fragile. One can suddenly suffer a broken bone from a fit of coughing, lifting a grandchild or using a vacuum cleaner. One does not have to fall over to sustain a fracture in one's 60s or 70s. When such people fall over, they have a big chance of breaking their ankles, wrists or pelvic girdles. Such fractures can be lethal; 15 per cent. of women who fracture their pelvic girdles—which are not to be confused with hip joints—die of the condition, even though they are operated on. Patching up that part of the body is difficult, because the bones are naturally thin. The quality of life is greatly reduced. (Gorman T. , 1996)
RELEVANCY:
Using the operational definition used by the World Health Organization (WHO) for osteoporosis, which is based upon bone mineral density (BMD) assessment, established osteoporosis affects 30% of postmenopausal white women in the USA (9.4 million women); the proportion rises to 70% in women over the age of 80 yr [2]. Although data on the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures are limited, it is estimated that the number of hip fractures that occurred worldwide in 1990 approached 1.7 million [3]. Hip fractures are extremely serious and are responsible for substantial mortality: the age‐adjusted 5‐yr survival rate for those who suffer a hip fracture has been estimated to be 82% of that of the unaffected population, most of the excess mortality occurring within the first 6 months after the fracture [4]. (Jacob, 2001)
In the past, women over 50 were considered to be over the hill or on the shelf, partly because of the decline in their health. There are many things that such women can do with their talents, but good health is essential. The early treatment of osteoporosis can go a long way towards improving the chances for older women to continue to make an important contribution to our society. (Gorman T., 1996)
In addition to morbidity and mortality, osteoporosis and the subsequent fractures are associated with significant economic costs relating to hospitalization, outpatient care, long‐term care, disability and premature death. Health‐care expenditure attributable to osteoporotic fractures in the USA in 1995 was estimated to be US $13.8 billion [5]. In Belgium, a country of approximately 10 million inhabitants, 13 150 hospital stays for hip fractures yearly have generated an annual cost of BF4.4 billion [6]. Osteoporosis has also been shown to result in significant costs in other countries [7–13]. It is of concern that the worldwide health and economic burden of osteoporosis is likely to increase in the future, as improvements in life expectancy will lead to a growing population of elderly people with a high risk of fracture [3, 14, 15]. (Jacob, 2001)
It’s never too early to invest in bone health. The prevention of osteoporosis begins with optimal bone growth and development in youth. Bones are living tissue, and the skeleton grows continually from birth to the end of the teenage years, reaching a maximum strength and size (peak bone mass) in early adulthood, around the mid-20s. Read about bone development in young people. Children and adolescents should:
• Ensure a nutritious diet with adequate calcium intake
• Avoid protein malnutrition and under-nutrition
• Maintain an adequate supply of vitamin D
• Participate in regular physical activity
• Avoid the effects of second-hand smoking
• It’s estimated a 10% increase of peak bone mass in children reduces the risk of an osteoporotic fracture during adult life by 50%.
Bone mass acquired during youth is an important determinant of the risk of osteoporotic fracture during later life. The higher the peak bone mass, the lower the risk of osteoporosis. Once peak bone mass has been reached, it is maintained by a process called remodelling. This is a continuous process in which old bone is removed (resorption) and new bone is created (formation). The renewal of bone is responsible for bone strength throughout life. During childhood and the beginning of adulthood, bone formation is more important than bone resorption. Later in life, however, the rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation and results in net bone loss –a thinning of your bones. Any factor which causes a higher rate of bone remodelling will ultimately lead to a more rapid loss of bone mass and more fragile bones. The nutritional and lifestyle advice for building strong bones in youth is just as applicable to adults to.

Adults should:
• Ensure a nutritious diet and adequate calcium intake
• Avoid under-nutrition, particularly the effects of severe weight-loss diets and eating disorders
• Maintain an adequate supply of vitamin D
• Participate in regular weight-bearing activity
• Avoid smoking and second-hand smoking
• Avoid heavy drinking (Kanis J.A, et al. 2005)

REFERENSI:
M van Laar, Jacob. 2001. On conducting burden‐of‐osteoporosis studies: a review of the core concepts and practical issues. A study carried out under the auspices of a WHO Collaborating Center. Volume 40, Issue 1.
Gorman, T.1996. Osteoporosis, 26th June. Cited in Hansard, pp 314-315. Retrieved 4th April 2008
Kanis JA et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis Int. 2005;16:155-62

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Metode Kami memeriksa artikel dalam 18 tahun terakhir (sejak 1996). Kami memeriksa medline menggunakan kata kunci 'produktivitas', 'osteoporosis' dan 'mencegah', dan terbatas pada pencarian untuk bahasa Inggris. Kami menemukan 10 artikel (termasuk empat review artikel) dan berfokus pada hubungan antara osteoporosis, produktivitas dan mencegah aktivitas. BahanDEFINISI:Osteoporosis, penyakit kerangka yang ditandai dengan tulang yang rendah massa dan microarchitectural kerusakan jaringan tulang, menyebabkan kerapuhan tulang ditingkatkan dan peningkatan yang konsekuen pada risiko patah tulang [1], adalah masalah yang relevan untuk kesehatan masyarakat. Kondisi terutama mempengaruhi wanita postmenopause, meskipun mungkin juga akan mempengaruhi laki-laki tua. Hasil klinis yang paling umum osteoporosis yang patah tulang belakang, lengan, dan pinggul. Dari jumlah tersebut, patah tulang pinggul adalah yang paling parah, tapi juga paling mudah didiagnosis dan terbaik didokumentasikan. (Yakub, 2001). Pada pandangan pertama, kelihatan tulang-tulang padat, tapi itu jauh dari menjadi kasus. Ketika mereka masih muda, mereka berongga dan bahan yang mereka yang penuh dengan lubang-lubang kecil. 315 saat kita beranjak tua, lubang mendapatkan yang lebih besar, seperti dalam sepotong keju Swiss, dan tulang menjadi rapuh. Satu dapat tiba-tiba mengalami patah tulang dari fit dari batuk, mengangkat seorang cucu atau menggunakan vacuum cleaner. Satu tidak perlu jatuh untuk mempertahankan fraktur di 60s atau 70-an. Ketika orang tersebut jatuh, mereka memiliki kesempatan besar melanggar pergelangan kaki, pergelangan tangan atau panggul korset mereka. Patah tulang tersebut dapat mematikan; 15 persen. perempuan yang patah korset panggul mereka — yang seharusnya tidak menjadi bingung dengan sendi pinggul — meninggal karena kondisi, meskipun mereka dioperasikan pada. Menambal bagian tubuh sulit, karena tulang secara alami tipis. Kualitas hidup sangat berkurang. (Gorman T., 1996)RELEVANSI:Menggunakan definisi operasional yang digunakan oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) untuk osteoporosis, yang didasarkan pada tulang kepadatan mineral (BMD) penilaian, osteoporosis didirikan mempengaruhi 30% dari wanita postmenopause putih di Amerika Serikat (9,4 juta perempuan); proporsi naik hingga 70% pada wanita berusia lebih dari 80 yr [2]. Meskipun data prevalensi patah tulang osteoporosis terbatas, diperkirakan bahwa jumlah patah tulang pinggul yang terjadi di seluruh dunia pada tahun 1990 mendekati 1,7 juta [3]. Patah tulang pinggul sangat serius dan bertanggung jawab untuk kematian substansial: tingkat kelangsungan hidup 5‐yr age‐adjusted bagi mereka yang menderita patah tulang pinggul telah diperkirakan 82% dari populasi tidak terpengaruh, sebagian besar kematian kelebihan yang terjadi dalam 6 bulan pertama setelah patah tulang [4]. (Yakub, 2001) Di masa lalu, perempuan di atas 50 dianggap atas bukit atau pada rak, sebagian karena penurunan kesehatan mereka. Ada banyak hal yang wanita tersebut dapat lakukan dengan bakat mereka, tetapi kesehatan yang baik sangat penting. Awal pengobatan osteoporosis dapat pergi jauh menuju meningkatkan kemungkinan untuk wanita yang lebih tua terus membuat kontribusi penting untuk masyarakat kita. (Gorman T., 1996)Selain morbiditas dan mortalitas, osteoporosis dan patah tulang berikutnya yang berhubungan dengan biaya ekonomi yang signifikan yang berhubungan dengan rawat inap, rawat jalan, perawatan jangka panjang, kecacatan dan kematian dini. Pengeluaran Health‐Care berkaitan dengan patah tulang osteoporosis di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1995 diperkirakan US $13,8 milyar [5]. Di Belgia, suatu negara kurang lebih 10 juta penduduk, 13 150 rumah sakit tetap untuk patah tulang panggul tahunan telah dihasilkan dengan biaya tahunan sebesar BF4.4 miliar [6]. Osteoporosis juga telah ditunjukkan untuk mengakibatkan biaya yang signifikan di negara lain [7-13]. Ini adalah dari perhatian bahwa kesehatan di seluruh dunia, dan beban ekonomi osteoporosis adalah cenderung meningkat di masa depan, karena peningkatan harapan hidup akan mengakibatkan pertumbuhan populasi orang tua dengan risiko tinggi fraktur [3, 14, 15]. (Yakub, 2001)Hal ini tidak pernah terlalu dini untuk berinvestasi dalam kesehatan tulang. Mencegah osteoporosis dimulai dengan pertumbuhan tulang yang optimal dan pembangunan pemuda. Tulang adalah jaringan hidup, dan kerangka tumbuh terus-menerus dari lahir sampai akhir masa remaja, mencapai kekuatan maksimum dan ukuran (puncak massa tulang) di awal masa dewasa, sekitar pertengahan 20-an. Baca tentang perkembangan tulang pada orang muda. Anak-anak dan remaja harus:• Memastikan makanan bergizi dengan asupan kalsium yang memadai • Hindari malnutrisi protein dan kekurangan gizi• Menjaga pasokan yang cukup dari vitamin D• Berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas fisik secara teratur• Hindari efek dari bekas Rokok• Telah diperkirakan 10% peningkatan massa tulang puncak pada anak-anak mengurangi risiko patah tulang osteoporosis selama kehidupan dewasa sebesar 50%.Tulang massa diperoleh selama pemuda adalah determinan penting dalam menentukan risiko patah tulang osteoporosis selama kehidupan. Semakin tinggi puncak tulang massa, semakin rendah risiko osteoporosis. Sekali puncak tulang massa telah tercapai, hal ini dikelola oleh proses yang disebut model. Ini adalah suatu proses yang berkesinambungan di mana tulang lama adalah dihapus (resorpsi) dan tulang baru dibuat (pembentukan). Pembaruan tulang bertanggung jawab untuk kekuatan tulang sepanjang hidup. Selama masa kanak-kanak dan awal dewasa, pembentukan tulang lebih penting daripada resorpsi tulang. Kemudian dalam hidup, tingkat resorpsi tulang lebih besar dari tingkat pembentukan tulang dan hasil di tulang yang bersih kerugian-penipisan tulang Anda. Faktor yang menyebabkan tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari remodeling tulang pada akhirnya akan menyebabkan hilangnya lebih cepat tulang lebih rapuh dan massa tulang. Saran gizi dan gaya hidup untuk membangun tulang yang kuat di pemuda sama berlaku untuk orang dewasa.Orang dewasa harus:• Memastikan diet bergizi dan asupan kalsium yang memadai • Hindari kekurangan gizi, terutama efek parah berat-kehilangan Diet dan gangguan makan• Menjaga pasokan yang cukup dari vitamin D• Berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan rutin beban• Hindari Merokok dan bekas Rokok• Hindari berat minum (Kanis J.A, et al. 2005)USEFUL:M van Laar, Yakub. 2001. pada melakukan studi burden‐of‐osteoporosis: Tinjauan konsep inti dan masalah-masalah praktis. Sebuah studi yang dilakukan di bawah naungan Pusat bekerja sama WHO. Volume 40, Terbitan 1.Gorman, T.1996. Osteoporosis, 26 Juni. Dikutip dalam Hansard, pp 314-315. Diakses pada 4 April 2008Risiko Kanis JA et al. Rokok dan fraktur: meta-analisis. Osteoporosis Int. 2005; 16:155-62
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Method

We reviewed articles in the past 18 years (since 1996). We checked medline using the key words ‘productivity’, ‘osteoporosis’ and ‘preventing’, and limited the search to the English language. We found 10 articles (including four review articles) and focused on the relationship between osteoporosis, productivity and preventing activities.
Material
DEFINITION:
Osteoporosis, a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in the risk of fractures [1], is a problem that is relevant to public health. The condition primarily affects postmenopausal women, although it may also affect elderly men. The most common clinical outcomes of osteoporosis are fractures of the spine, forearm and hip. Of these, hip fractures are the most severe, but are also the most readily diagnosed and the best documented. (Jacob, 2001). At first glance, bones look solid, but that is far from being the case. When they are young, they are hollow and the material of which they are made is full of tiny holes. 315 As we grow older, the holes get bigger, like in a piece Swiss cheese, and the bones become fragile. One can suddenly suffer a broken bone from a fit of coughing, lifting a grandchild or using a vacuum cleaner. One does not have to fall over to sustain a fracture in one's 60s or 70s. When such people fall over, they have a big chance of breaking their ankles, wrists or pelvic girdles. Such fractures can be lethal; 15 per cent. of women who fracture their pelvic girdles—which are not to be confused with hip joints—die of the condition, even though they are operated on. Patching up that part of the body is difficult, because the bones are naturally thin. The quality of life is greatly reduced. (Gorman T. , 1996)
RELEVANCY:
Using the operational definition used by the World Health Organization (WHO) for osteoporosis, which is based upon bone mineral density (BMD) assessment, established osteoporosis affects 30% of postmenopausal white women in the USA (9.4 million women); the proportion rises to 70% in women over the age of 80 yr [2]. Although data on the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures are limited, it is estimated that the number of hip fractures that occurred worldwide in 1990 approached 1.7 million [3]. Hip fractures are extremely serious and are responsible for substantial mortality: the age‐adjusted 5‐yr survival rate for those who suffer a hip fracture has been estimated to be 82% of that of the unaffected population, most of the excess mortality occurring within the first 6 months after the fracture [4]. (Jacob, 2001)
In the past, women over 50 were considered to be over the hill or on the shelf, partly because of the decline in their health. There are many things that such women can do with their talents, but good health is essential. The early treatment of osteoporosis can go a long way towards improving the chances for older women to continue to make an important contribution to our society. (Gorman T., 1996)
In addition to morbidity and mortality, osteoporosis and the subsequent fractures are associated with significant economic costs relating to hospitalization, outpatient care, long‐term care, disability and premature death. Health‐care expenditure attributable to osteoporotic fractures in the USA in 1995 was estimated to be US $13.8 billion [5]. In Belgium, a country of approximately 10 million inhabitants, 13 150 hospital stays for hip fractures yearly have generated an annual cost of BF4.4 billion [6]. Osteoporosis has also been shown to result in significant costs in other countries [7–13]. It is of concern that the worldwide health and economic burden of osteoporosis is likely to increase in the future, as improvements in life expectancy will lead to a growing population of elderly people with a high risk of fracture [3, 14, 15]. (Jacob, 2001)
It’s never too early to invest in bone health. The prevention of osteoporosis begins with optimal bone growth and development in youth. Bones are living tissue, and the skeleton grows continually from birth to the end of the teenage years, reaching a maximum strength and size (peak bone mass) in early adulthood, around the mid-20s. Read about bone development in young people. Children and adolescents should:
• Ensure a nutritious diet with adequate calcium intake
• Avoid protein malnutrition and under-nutrition
• Maintain an adequate supply of vitamin D
• Participate in regular physical activity
• Avoid the effects of second-hand smoking
• It’s estimated a 10% increase of peak bone mass in children reduces the risk of an osteoporotic fracture during adult life by 50%.
Bone mass acquired during youth is an important determinant of the risk of osteoporotic fracture during later life. The higher the peak bone mass, the lower the risk of osteoporosis. Once peak bone mass has been reached, it is maintained by a process called remodelling. This is a continuous process in which old bone is removed (resorption) and new bone is created (formation). The renewal of bone is responsible for bone strength throughout life. During childhood and the beginning of adulthood, bone formation is more important than bone resorption. Later in life, however, the rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation and results in net bone loss –a thinning of your bones. Any factor which causes a higher rate of bone remodelling will ultimately lead to a more rapid loss of bone mass and more fragile bones. The nutritional and lifestyle advice for building strong bones in youth is just as applicable to adults to.

Adults should:
• Ensure a nutritious diet and adequate calcium intake
• Avoid under-nutrition, particularly the effects of severe weight-loss diets and eating disorders
• Maintain an adequate supply of vitamin D
• Participate in regular weight-bearing activity
• Avoid smoking and second-hand smoking
• Avoid heavy drinking (Kanis J.A, et al. 2005)

REFERENSI:
M van Laar, Jacob. 2001. On conducting burden‐of‐osteoporosis studies: a review of the core concepts and practical issues. A study carried out under the auspices of a WHO Collaborating Center. Volume 40, Issue 1.
Gorman, T.1996. Osteoporosis, 26th June. Cited in Hansard, pp 314-315. Retrieved 4th April 2008
Kanis JA et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis Int. 2005;16:155-62

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