decision alternative 3, the small computer system, is recommended. The translation - decision alternative 3, the small computer system, is recommended. The Indonesian how to say

decision alternative 3, the small c

decision alternative 3, the small computer system, is recommended. The expected value is $72,000. It is also shown that the expected value of perfect information is 30,000.


Figure 11.5 Output Information for the PSI Problem Using the Expected Value Criterion
Sample Information and a Decision Strategy
If you are using state of nature probabilities, you will be given the option of selecting whether or not you would like to use sample information to develop a decision strategy. Let us return to the PSI problem and assume that a marketing research study will be undertaken in order to obtain sample information about possible customer acceptance of the PSI service. The study is referred to as an indicator, and the results of the study are referred to as indicator (or sample) outcomes. The two indi¬cator outcomes for the PSI problem are as follows:

I1 = favorable market research report (individuals contacted generally express considerable interest in PSI’s services)

I2 = unfavorable market research report (individuals contacted generally express little interest in PSI’s services)

In general, the use of sample information requires the identification of two or more indicator outcomes. In addition to specifying the indicator outcomes, we must also have information about the conditional probability of each indi¬cator outcome for each state of nature. The conditional probability information for the PSI problem is shown in Table
11.2. For example, given state of nature 1 were to occur, there is a 0.8 probability the indicator outcome will be favorable and a 0.2 probability the indicator outcome will be
unfavorable.

Indicator Outcome
States of Nature Favorable (I1) Unfavorable (I2)
High acceptance (s1) 0.8 0.2
Low acceptance (s2) 0.1 0.9

Table 11.2 Conditional Probabilities of Indicator Outcomes for Each State of Nature

Let us now consider how the decision analysis module can be used to develop an optimal decision strategy based on the results of the market research indi¬cator outcomes. In addition, we will determine the expected value of the sample information provided by the market research study.
When a decision analysis problem requires the computation of a decision strategy, the Problem Features dialog box appears as shown in Figure 11.6. Note that both State of Nature Probabilities and Compute Decision Strategy have been clicked on. The values shown for the number of decision alterna¬tives, number of states of nature, and number of indicator outcomes are for the PSI decision strategy problem.


Figure 11.6 Problem Features Dialog Box for the PSI Decision Strategy Problem

Clicking OK provides the Payoff Table data input screen shown in Figure 11.7. The top part of the screen provides the payoff table input as before. The sections labeled Enter State of Nature Probabilities and Indicator Probabilities are used to input the state of nature probabilities and the indicator probabili¬ties from Table 11.2. When the data input process is completed, choosing Solve from the Solution menu provides the Select Optimi¬zation Criteria dialog box, which enables the selection of a maximize or minimize criterion. Selecting maximize and then clicking OK provides the output shown in Figure 11.8 on page 68. The optimal decision strategy shows decision alternative d1 (large computer system) if the indicator outcome is I1 (favorable market research report), and decision alternative d3 (small computer system) if the indicator outcome is I2 (unfavorable market research report).

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decision alternative 3, the small computer system, is recommended. The expected value is $72,000. It is also shown that the expected value of perfect information is 30,000.Figure 11.5 Output Information for the PSI Problem Using the Expected Value CriterionSample Information and a Decision StrategyIf you are using state of nature probabilities, you will be given the option of selecting whether or not you would like to use sample information to develop a decision strategy. Let us return to the PSI problem and assume that a marketing research study will be undertaken in order to obtain sample information about possible customer acceptance of the PSI service. The study is referred to as an indicator, and the results of the study are referred to as indicator (or sample) outcomes. The two indi¬cator outcomes for the PSI problem are as follows:I1 = favorable market research report (individuals contacted generally express considerable interest in PSI’s services)I2 = unfavorable market research report (individuals contacted generally express little interest in PSI’s services) In general, the use of sample information requires the identification of two or more indicator outcomes. In addition to specifying the indicator outcomes, we must also have information about the conditional probability of each indi¬cator outcome for each state of nature. The conditional probability information for the PSI problem is shown in Table 11.2. For example, given state of nature 1 were to occur, there is a 0.8 probability the indicator outcome will be favorable and a 0.2 probability the indicator outcome will be unfavorable. Indicator Outcome States of Nature Favorable (I1) Unfavorable (I2) High acceptance (s1) 0.8 0.2 Low acceptance (s2) 0.1 0.9Table 11.2 Conditional Probabilities of Indicator Outcomes for Each State of Nature Let us now consider how the decision analysis module can be used to develop an optimal decision strategy based on the results of the market research indi¬cator outcomes. In addition, we will determine the expected value of the sample information provided by the market research study. When a decision analysis problem requires the computation of a decision strategy, the Problem Features dialog box appears as shown in Figure 11.6. Note that both State of Nature Probabilities and Compute Decision Strategy have been clicked on. The values shown for the number of decision alterna¬tives, number of states of nature, and number of indicator outcomes are for the PSI decision strategy problem.Figure 11.6 Problem Features Dialog Box for the PSI Decision Strategy Problem Clicking OK provides the Payoff Table data input screen shown in Figure 11.7. The top part of the screen provides the payoff table input as before. The sections labeled Enter State of Nature Probabilities and Indicator Probabilities are used to input the state of nature probabilities and the indicator probabili¬ties from Table 11.2. When the data input process is completed, choosing Solve from the Solution menu provides the Select Optimi¬zation Criteria dialog box, which enables the selection of a maximize or minimize criterion. Selecting maximize and then clicking OK provides the output shown in Figure 11.8 on page 68. The optimal decision strategy shows decision alternative d1 (large computer system) if the indicator outcome is I1 (favorable market research report), and decision alternative d3 (small computer system) if the indicator outcome is I2 (unfavorable market research report).
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keputusan alternatif 3, sistem komputer kecil, dianjurkan. Nilai yang diharapkan adalah $ 72.000. Hal ini juga menunjukkan bahwa nilai yang diharapkan dari informasi yang sempurna adalah 30.000.


Gambar 11.5 Informasi Output untuk PSI Masalah Menggunakan Diharapkan Nilai Kriteria
Informasi Sampel dan Strategi Keputusan
Jika Anda menggunakan keadaan probabilitas alam, Anda akan diberikan pilihan untuk memilih apakah Anda ingin menggunakan informasi sampel untuk mengembangkan strategi keputusan. Mari kita kembali ke masalah PSI dan menganggap bahwa studi riset pemasaran akan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi sampel tentang kemungkinan penerimaan pelanggan dari layanan PSI. Penelitian ini disebut sebagai indikator, dan hasil penelitian yang disebut sebagai indikator (atau sampel) hasil-hasil. Dua hasil indi¬cator untuk masalah PSI adalah sebagai berikut:

I1 = laporan riset pasar yang menguntungkan (individu dihubungi umumnya mengungkapkan minat yang cukup besar dalam layanan PSI)

I2 = laporan riset pasar yang tidak menguntungkan (individu dihubungi umumnya mengungkapkan sedikit minat dalam layanan PSI)

Secara umum , penggunaan informasi sampel memerlukan identifikasi dari dua atau lebih hasil indikator. Selain menentukan hasil indikator, kita juga harus memiliki informasi tentang probabilitas bersyarat dari setiap hasil indi¬cator untuk setiap keadaan alam. Informasi probabilitas bersyarat untuk masalah PSI ditunjukkan pada Tabel
11.2. Misalnya, mengingat keadaan alam 1 itu terjadi, ada 0,8 probabilitas hasil indikator akan menguntungkan dan 0,2 probabilitas hasil indikator akan
menguntungkan.

Indikator Hasil
Serikat Nature Menguntungkan (I1) tidak menguntungkan (I2)
penerimaan Tinggi ( s1) 0,8 0,2
penerimaan Rendah (s2) 0,1 0,9

Tabel 11.2 Conditional probabilitas Indikator hasil untuk Setiap Negara Nature

Mari kita mempertimbangkan bagaimana modul analisis keputusan dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan strategi keputusan yang optimal berdasarkan hasil indi riset pasar hasil ¬cator. Selain itu, kita akan menentukan nilai yang diharapkan dari informasi sampel yang disediakan oleh studi riset pasar.
Ketika masalah analisis keputusan membutuhkan perhitungan strategi keputusan, Masalah Fitur kotak dialog muncul seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 11.6. Perhatikan bahwa kedua Negara Nature Probabilitas dan Strategi Keputusan Compute telah diklik. Nilai-nilai yang ditunjukkan untuk jumlah alterna¬tives keputusan, sejumlah negara alam, dan jumlah hasil indikator adalah untuk masalah strategi keputusan PSI.


Gambar 11.6 Soal Fitur Box Dialog untuk Keputusan PSI Strategi Masalah

Mengklik OK menyediakan data Payoff Table layar masukan yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 11.7. Bagian atas layar memberikan masukan tabel payoff seperti sebelumnya. Bagian berlabel Masukkan Negara Nature Probabilitas dan Indikator Probabilitas digunakan untuk masukan keadaan probabilitas alam dan probabili¬ties indikator dari Tabel 11.2. Ketika proses input data selesai, memilih Memecahkan dari menu Solution memberikan kotak dialog Kriteria Pilih Optimi¬zation, yang memungkinkan pemilihan memaksimalkan atau meminimalkan kriteria. Memilih memaksimalkan dan kemudian klik OK memberikan output yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 11.8 pada halaman 68. Strategi keputusan yang optimal menunjukkan alternatif keputusan d1 (sistem komputer besar) jika hasil indikator I1 (laporan penelitian pasar yang menguntungkan), dan alternatif keputusan d3 (komputer kecil sistem) jika hasil indikator I2 (laporan riset pasar yang tidak menguntungkan).

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