The Hundred Years’ War left France exhausted.
However, the war had also developed a strong degree of French national feeling toward a common enemy.
The kings used that spirit to reestablish royal power.
The development of a strong French state was greatly advanced by King Louis XI, who ruled from 1416 – 1483.
Known by many as the Spider because of his devious ways, Louis strengthened the use of the tailless—an annual direct tax usually on land or property—as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority.
This tax gave Louis a second, regular source of income.
To curb the power of the great French nobles, Louis relied on support from the lower nobility and middle class.
He added Anjou, Maine, Provence, and other regions to his kingdom.
By consolidating power and by promoting industry and commerce, he created the foundations of a strong monarchy.