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Second, we find evidence that, among firms that do not purchase tax servicesfrom their auditors, those that would miss their earnings forecasts absent ETRchanges exhibit larger ETR decreases between the third and fourth quarters thanthose that would otherwise meet or beat these forecasts. This result is inconsistentwith the Maydew and Shackelford 2006 expectation that using nonauditor providersfor tax services would signal a higher quality audit. However, we do find evidencethat, prior to the passage of SOX, an association existed between missing incometargets absent ETR changes and greater third-to-fourth-quarter ETR reductions forfirms that do not purchase tax services from their auditors, but we cannot reliablydemonstrate this relation in the post-SOX period. By considering both the incentiveto meet earnings targets and payments to auditors and nonauditors for tax services,we provide evidence on whether payments to auditors for tax services are associatedwith opportunistic financial reporting of earnings and thus the need for theadditional restrictions proposed by the PCAOB.
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