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promoting education and wormen in tourism; and establishing good practice in terms of ethics and environmental standards. The latter is of particular significance and is now represented in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (GCET), which is a comprehensive set of principles designed to guide key players in tourism development. The code aims to help maximise the sector’s benefits while at the same time minimising negative impacts on the natural environment, society and cultural heritage. Originally adopted back in 1999, the code represents a voluntary implementation mechanism and is recognised by the World Committee on Tourism Ethics (WCTE).
At a lower level, there is a variety of regional bodies such as the Organization of American States (OAS), Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) and the European Travel Commission (ETC). Most of their efforts are deveted to promotion and marketing, though they do provide technical assistance and promote codes of conduct to encourage travel that is respectful of other people’s lives and places.
As an organisation whose membership is made up of the NTOs of Europe, the ETC provides a forum for the directors of the European NTOs to meet regularly and exchange ideas. It carries out its objective to promote the region as an attractive destination through its new web portal Visteurope.com, public relations, and consumer advertising and trade promotion. Prior market research determines the choice of activities and cmpaigns and people working in torrism, and well as assisting with the professional development of its members. Its work is supported by the european commission, which sees tourism as an activity of great economic and social signifi-cance within the wuropean Union (EU), particularly for the peripheral and somewhat poorer gegions of Europe. Although a wide variety of regional disparities exist across the EU, from early on it was realised that there is a distinct tendency for he poorest regions to be situated on the outer areas of the Union and, since the tale 1980s, greater emphasis has been given to stimulating small tourism firms and indigenous development in areas to take advantage of their natural surroundings.
Apart from the world bank, funds for developing tourism in low-income countries may be obtained from regional banks such as the European Bank for Recoustruction and Devel-opment (EBRD) for Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of independent states, the inter-american Development bank; African Development Bank; asian develoment bank; arab bank for economic development in Africa; east african development bank; and the caribean development bank. Their principles of operation are mainly for the granting of medium – or long – term loans (often with various grace periods and low rates of interest) to specific projects of to national development institutions, and providing technical assistance in project preparation. They are sometimes prepared to take a minority shareholding in investments, provided there is an option for onward selling, preferably to host country nationals.
Looking at the structure in europe, officially the tourism Unit in the EU comes under Directorate –General Enterprise and Industry, but the development work of Directorate-General Regional Policy also involves tourism projects as a means of overcoming regional disparities. With the adoption of the single European Act (1987), there is a commitment by the EU to promote economic and social cohesion through actions to reduce regional disparities, and the Maastricht treaty (1992) acknowledged, for the firsh time, the role of tourism in these actions. With the more recent lisbon treaty (2009), tourism became oa specific competence oif the EU, allowing the latter to support and complement actions within the member states by encouraging the creation of an atmosphere that is conducive to developing tourism enterprises and fostering cooperation between member states, thile excluding andy harmonisation of the legal and regulatory provisions of member states. The resources for mitigating regional differences are drawn from the structural funds, which are made up of contributions from member states with the express purposed of helping less well off regions (see Major case study 18.1) Alongside public monies, commercial funding of tourism projects is obtainable from the european investment bank.
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