Secondly,
organisations that adopted ISO 14001 often questioned the
added-value of the standard. Hillary [23] concludes that ‘‘it is apparent
that organisations have been ‘‘sold’’ the benefits of EMSs
such as cost savings, and when they fail to materialise these, the
organisations feel cheated.’’Amajor source of irritation for organisations
is the cost of development and certification [21], partly
attributed to the cost and quality of consultants advising them. It
is apparent that some organisations have been misadvised and
developed bureaucratic and ineffective systems [23]. Furthermore,
many organisations found that more resources were required
that initially expected, in terms of cost, time, and/or
skills. According to Hillary [23] organisations encountered implementation
‘‘surprises’’ that had unexpected impacts on their
resources.