Schizophrenia is a devastating neurobiologicaldisorder that typically  translation - Schizophrenia is a devastating neurobiologicaldisorder that typically  Indonesian how to say

Schizophrenia is a devastating neur

Schizophrenia is a devastating neurobiologicaldisorder that typically strikes the brain function of adolescents and young adults, occurring in about 1 of every 100 people worldwide (1,2). The pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains puzzling (3, 4). During the last 30 years, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the neurobiology and treatment of schizophrenia, and such advances have been accompanied by a modest overall improvement in outcome (5, 2). Cognitive
impairment is a common, chronic disabling feature of schizophrenia (6). Deficits in cognitive
functioning, including those in psychomotor speed, attention, memory and executive functions are
thought to underline the severe functional disability associated with this illness (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Moreover, the host of research has demonstrated functional outcome. Many approaches have been developed in the last fifteen years such as computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR). Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate some decline on the measure of neurocognitive functioning in attention, verbal and working memory and executive functions (12, 13, 14, 15). Several studies have shown a significant cognitive enhancement over various competencies (16, 17,18,19,20,35,36 and 37) whereas some studies showed heterogeneous conclusions about improvements resulting from CACR (21, 22). In recent decades, several cognitive remediation techniques (computerized and non-computerized) have been designed for both individual and group settings. CACR interventions seem extremely relevant in schizophrenia, where neurocognitive alterations pervade all ability domains and strongly influence the patients’ quality of life. Wykes and Vander Gaag (23) explain “the cognitive remediation” as a set of methods for teaching “the thinking skill” that focuses on cognitive deficits and holds as a common characteristic the reliance on material having no personal relevance to the individual. MC Guurk. and et al. (24) have reported the efficacy of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia and improvement in psychological functioning. Furthermore, CACR is well accepted amongst patients, and in recent years many researches have been done based on CACR to improve functional outcome in schizophrenic patients.
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Schizophrenia is a devastating neurobiologicaldisorder that typically strikes the brain function of adolescents and young adults, occurring in about 1 of every 100 people worldwide (1,2). The pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains puzzling (3, 4). During the last 30 years, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the neurobiology and treatment of schizophrenia, and such advances have been accompanied by a modest overall improvement in outcome (5, 2). Cognitive impairment is a common, chronic disabling feature of schizophrenia (6). Deficits in cognitive functioning, including those in psychomotor speed, attention, memory and executive functions are thought to underline the severe functional disability associated with this illness (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Moreover, the host of research has demonstrated functional outcome. Many approaches have been developed in the last fifteen years such as computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR). Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate some decline on the measure of neurocognitive functioning in attention, verbal and working memory and executive functions (12, 13, 14, 15). Several studies have shown a significant cognitive enhancement over various competencies (16, 17,18,19,20,35,36 and 37) whereas some studies showed heterogeneous conclusions about improvements resulting from CACR (21, 22). In recent decades, several cognitive remediation techniques (computerized and non-computerized) have been designed for both individual and group settings. CACR interventions seem extremely relevant in schizophrenia, where neurocognitive alterations pervade all ability domains and strongly influence the patients’ quality of life. Wykes and Vander Gaag (23) explain “the cognitive remediation” as a set of methods for teaching “the thinking skill” that focuses on cognitive deficits and holds as a common characteristic the reliance on material having no personal relevance to the individual. MC Guurk. and et al. (24) have reported the efficacy of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia and improvement in psychological functioning. Furthermore, CACR is well accepted amongst patients, and in recent years many researches have been done based on CACR to improve functional outcome in schizophrenic patients.
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Skizofrenia adalah neurobiologicaldisorder dahsyat yang biasanya menyerang fungsi otak remaja dan dewasa muda, terjadi pada sekitar 1 dari setiap 100 orang di seluruh dunia (1,2). Patofisiologi skizofrenia tetap membingungkan (3, 4). Selama 30 tahun terakhir, kemajuan substansial telah dibuat dalam pemahaman kita tentang neurobiologi dan pengobatan skizofrenia, dan kemajuan tersebut telah disertai dengan peningkatan secara keseluruhan sederhana dalam hasil (5, 2). Kognitif
gangguan adalah umum, fitur penonaktifan kronis skizofrenia (6). Defisit dalam kognitif
fungsi, termasuk di kecepatan psikomotor, perhatian, memori dan fungsi eksekutif yang
diduga menggarisbawahi cacat fungsional berat yang terkait dengan penyakit ini (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Selain itu, tuan rumah penelitian telah menunjukkan hasil yang fungsional. Banyak pendekatan telah dikembangkan dalam lima belas tahun terakhir seperti remediasi kognitif dengan bantuan komputer (CACR). Pasien dengan skizofrenia menunjukkan beberapa penurunan pada ukuran fungsi neurokognitif di perhatian, memori dan fungsi eksekutif verbal dan bekerja (12, 13, 14, 15). Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan peningkatan kognitif yang signifikan atas berbagai kompetensi (16, 17,18,19,20,35,36 dan 37) sedangkan beberapa penelitian menunjukkan kesimpulan yang heterogen tentang perbaikan yang dihasilkan dari CACR (21, 22). Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, beberapa teknik remediasi kognitif (komputerisasi dan non-komputerisasi) telah dirancang untuk kedua pengaturan individu dan kelompok. Intervensi CACR tampaknya sangat relevan dalam skizofrenia, di mana perubahan neurokognitif meliputi semua domain kemampuan dan sangat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien. Wykes dan Vander Gaag (23) menjelaskan "remediasi kognitif" sebagai satu set metode untuk mengajar "keterampilan berpikir" yang berfokus pada defisit kognitif dan memegang sebagai karakteristik umum ketergantungan pada bahan yang tidak memiliki relevansi pribadi untuk individu. MC Guurk. dan et al. (24) telah melaporkan efikasi remediasi kognitif pada skizofrenia dan perbaikan dalam fungsi psikologis. Selanjutnya, CACR diterima dengan baik antara pasien, dan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir banyak penelitian telah dilakukan berdasarkan CACR untuk meningkatkan hasil fungsional pada pasien skizofrenia.
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