1ntroduc uonunderstanding: the creative grasping together of disjointe translation - 1ntroduc uonunderstanding: the creative grasping together of disjointe Indonesian how to say

1ntroduc uonunderstanding: the crea

1ntroduc uon


understanding: the creative grasping together of disjointed parts into a com­
prehensive whole.
Associated with the difference between these two types of knowledge are
two different types of awareness: subsidiary versus focal. Consider one of Polanyi's examples: driving a nail down with a hammer. When we do this. we experience the hammer's head hitting the nail but in fact what we are actually perceiving are the vibrations of the hammer's handle in our hands. Without being aware of it, we use these vibrations to guide our manipula­ tion of the hammer, all the while attending to the impact of the hammer on the nail. Thus, we are focally, explicitly aware of the action of driving the nail by being subsidiarily, tacitly aware of the vibrations in the hand. Ulti­ mately, all human knowledge depends on this form; we know something explicitly and focally within a much wider background of subsidiary and tacit knowledge. Our bodies are the central locus of this background. Our body is certainly one thing in the world we normally know only by relying on our tacit awareness of it for attending to other things. We attend to ex­ ternal objects by being tacitly aware of things happening in our bodies; aU cognition requires emhodied understanding, which cannot be fully specified by explicit rules. This embodied understanding, including dispositions in the habitus, is tacit knowledge and hence one can only be subsidiarily aware of it; this accounts for why so much of the habitus is preconscious and unable to be reflected on or modified. This conservatism leads to the prac­ tices generated by the dispositions of the habitus being transmitted from generation to generation, in other words they are potentially cultural practices. Culture in this view is that transgenerational domain of practices through which human organisms in a social system communicate with each other. These practices may be verbal or non-verbal, but they must be commun­ icative in the sense that they occur as part of ongoing histories of social structural coupling and contribute to the viability of continued coupling. It is through their effectiveness in continuing the viability of social structural coupling that we can describe these practices as meaningful. It is in this sense that cultural practices are meaningful, not in the more common sense of transmitting information, which, of course, may potentially lead us to the misleading presupposition of mental representations of the information in the transmitter's mind. Thus, a wink is a cultural practice because it occurs in the context of recurrent successful social structural coupling, a practice inculcated in the habitus over many generations as an acceptable and suc­ cessful action in particular interactions. A twitch is not a cultural practice because it does not meet these requirements.
Culture, then, consists of the things people do to communicate in ongo­
ing transgenerational histories of social interaction. Through its inculca­ tion in the habitus it becomes embodied in the self and reproduces itself in future action. In this sense a human being is a thoroughly encultured being;

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1ntroduc uonunderstanding: the creative grasping together of disjointed parts into a com­prehensive whole.Associated with the difference between these two types of knowledge aretwo different types of awareness: subsidiary versus focal. Consider one of Polanyi's examples: driving a nail down with a hammer. When we do this. we experience the hammer's head hitting the nail but in fact what we are actually perceiving are the vibrations of the hammer's handle in our hands. Without being aware of it, we use these vibrations to guide our manipula­ tion of the hammer, all the while attending to the impact of the hammer on the nail. Thus, we are focally, explicitly aware of the action of driving the nail by being subsidiarily, tacitly aware of the vibrations in the hand. Ulti­ mately, all human knowledge depends on this form; we know something explicitly and focally within a much wider background of subsidiary and tacit knowledge. Our bodies are the central locus of this background. Our body is certainly one thing in the world we normally know only by relying on our tacit awareness of it for attending to other things. We attend to ex­ ternal objects by being tacitly aware of things happening in our bodies; aU cognition requires emhodied understanding, which cannot be fully specified by explicit rules. This embodied understanding, including dispositions in the habitus, is tacit knowledge and hence one can only be subsidiarily aware of it; this accounts for why so much of the habitus is preconscious and unable to be reflected on or modified. This conservatism leads to the prac­ tices generated by the dispositions of the habitus being transmitted from generation to generation, in other words they are potentially cultural practices. Culture in this view is that transgenerational domain of practices through which human organisms in a social system communicate with each other. These practices may be verbal or non-verbal, but they must be commun­ icative in the sense that they occur as part of ongoing histories of social structural coupling and contribute to the viability of continued coupling. It is through their effectiveness in continuing the viability of social structural coupling that we can describe these practices as meaningful. It is in this sense that cultural practices are meaningful, not in the more common sense of transmitting information, which, of course, may potentially lead us to the misleading presupposition of mental representations of the information in the transmitter's mind. Thus, a wink is a cultural practice because it occurs in the context of recurrent successful social structural coupling, a practice inculcated in the habitus over many generations as an acceptable and suc­ cessful action in particular interactions. A twitch is not a cultural practice because it does not meet these requirements.Culture, then, consists of the things people do to communicate in ongo­ing transgenerational histories of social interaction. Through its inculca­ tion in the habitus it becomes embodied in the self and reproduces itself in future action. In this sense a human being is a thoroughly encultured being;
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1ntroduc Uon


pemahaman: kreatif menggenggam bersama-sama dari bagian terputus-putus menjadi com
. Seluruh prehensif
Terkait dengan perbedaan antara kedua jenis pengetahuan yang
dua jenis kesadaran: anak dibandingkan fokus. Mempertimbangkan salah satu contoh Polanyi: mengemudi paku ke bawah dengan palu. Ketika kita melakukan ini. kita mengalami kepala palu itu memukul kuku tetapi sebenarnya apa yang kita benar-benar memahami adalah getaran dari pegangan palu di tangan kita. Tanpa menyadari hal itu, kita menggunakan getaran ini untuk memandu tion manipula kami palu, semua saat menghadiri dampak palu pada kuku. Dengan demikian, kita focally, secara eksplisit menyadari aksi mengemudi kuku dengan menjadi subsidiarily, diam-diam menyadari getaran di tangan. Ulti kira, semua pengetahuan manusia tergantung pada formulir ini; kita tahu sesuatu yang eksplisit dan focally dalam latar belakang yang lebih luas dari anak perusahaan dan pengetahuan tacit. Tubuh kita adalah lokus pusat latar belakang ini. Tubuh kita tentunya merupakan salah satu hal di dunia kita biasanya tahu hanya dengan mengandalkan kesadaran diam-diam kami untuk menghadiri hal-hal lain. Kami hadir untuk objek ternal ex dengan menjadi diam-diam menyadari hal yang terjadi di dalam tubuh kita; au kognisi membutuhkan pemahaman emhodied, yang tidak dapat sepenuhnya ditentukan oleh aturan eksplisit. Ini diwujudkan pemahaman, termasuk disposisi dalam habitus, adalah pengetahuan tacit dan karenanya satu hanya dapat subsidiarily menyadari hal itu; ini menjelaskan mengapa begitu banyak dari habitus adalah prasadar dan tidak dapat tercermin pada atau dimodifikasi. Konservatisme ini mengarah pada praktek-prac dihasilkan oleh disposisi dari habitus yang sedang ditransmisikan dari generasi ke generasi, dengan kata lain mereka berpotensi praktik budaya. Budaya dalam pandangan ini adalah bahwa domain transgenerational praktik di mana organisme manusia dalam sistem sosial berkomunikasi satu sama lain. Praktik-praktik ini mungkin lisan atau non-verbal, tetapi mereka harus icative commun dalam arti bahwa mereka terjadi sebagai bagian dari sejarah yang sedang berlangsung kopling struktural sosial dan berkontribusi terhadap kelangsungan hidup kopling terus. Ini adalah melalui efektivitas mereka dalam melanjutkan kelangsungan hidup kopling sosial struktural yang kita bisa menggambarkan praktek-praktek ini sebagai bermakna. Hal ini dalam pengertian ini bahwa praktik budaya yang bermakna, bukan dalam arti yang lebih umum dari transmisi informasi, yang, tentu saja, berpotensi membawa kita ke pengandaian menyesatkan representasi mental dari informasi dalam pikiran transmitter. Dengan demikian, mengedipkan mata adalah praktik budaya karena terjadi dalam konteks berulang sukses kopling struktural sosial, praktik ditanamkan di habitus yang selama beberapa generasi sebagai tindakan DSS ini dapat diterima dan suc dalam interaksi tertentu. Sebuah kedutan bukan praktik budaya karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan ini.
Budaya, kemudian, terdiri dari hal-hal yang dilakukan orang untuk berkomunikasi di Ongo
ing sejarah transgenerational interaksi sosial. Melalui tion inculca di habitus itu menjadi diwujudkan dalam diri dan mereproduksi dirinya dalam tindakan di masa depan. Dalam hal ini manusia adalah makhluk yang benar-benar encultured;

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