This inconsistency could be attributed to several critical aspects, such as 1) the subjective definitions of “fast” and “slow” freezing rates, as not all the studies actually measured the freezing rate or the freezing velocity — the time that elapsed from − 1.5 °C (beginning of freezing) to − 7 °C, where 80% of water in meat tissue is being frozen ( Bevilacqua et al., 1979), 2) the different freezing methods used (e.g. cryogenic, air blast, freezing tunnel, nitrogen chamber and/or high-pressure-assisted freezing), and 3) post mortem ageing time prior to freezing, as substantial changes/improvement in meat tenderness and water-holding capacity occur during ageing through myofibrillar protein degradation ( Huff-Lonergan & Lonergan, 2005).