Education became a vehicle for these subversive actions. Urgent concerns provoked radical upheavals in academic institutions, while alternative visions of the discipline were generated through progressive pedagogical initiatives. Pedagogy operated as an active agent in the processes with which it was concerned, rather than through modes of detached or complacent reflection. Radical pedagogies challenged conventions at different scales. They relentlessly questioned the institutions of education, probed architecture’s disciplinary assumptions and aimed to disturb architecture’s relation to social, political and economic processes.