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EVIDENCE ON INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE STIGMA
To summarize the current evidence of stigmareducing interventions, we conducted a literaturereview focusing on the disciplines of nursing, psychology, and medicine (psychiatry). Although evidence from several randomized clinical trials would have provided the highest level of evidence upon which to base nursing practice and research
(Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005; Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, 2001), few randomized clinical trials related to stigma-reducing interventions have been conducted. Therefore, a narrative review approach was used because stigma is grossly understudied and is an evolving concept in nursing (Collins & Fauser, 2005).
CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases
were searched for the following terms: stigma and intervention (7 results), mental illness and stigma (25 results), depression and stigma (21 results), schizophrenia and stigma (41 results), and bipolar disorder and stigma (2 results). Search limitations
were set for humans, English, and the publication period January 2002–December 2006. Depression,schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder were chosen as search terms because these disorders are often stigmatized (Crisp, Gelder, Goddard, & Meltzer, 2005; Mann & Himelein, 2004). Although some articles included stigma in the title, they failed to discuss stigma in the body of the article. Therefore, articles were further limited by the requirement that stigma must be stated in the title and the abstract at least once. Search limitations were set to maintain a focus on stigma toward mental disorders.
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