The shape of soundThe dolphin produ

The shape of sound
The dolphin produces sonar signals in its nasal system by
forcing air through two pairs of lips. Commonly referred to
as the dorsal bursae–monkey lips complex, or phonic lips,
they are situated about 3 cm below the blowhole. Figure 1a
shows a computer tomography (CT) scan of the midsagittal
(symmetry) plane of the dolphin. The assumed position of
the sound source is shown below the blowhole. Signals propagate
through the melon, which consists of “acoustic fat,” a
special lipid material found only in the melon and the lower
jaw. Sound velocity measurements indicate a graded sound
velocity profile with low velocity near the midline of the
melon and increasing velocity outward toward the melon’s
surface. CT scans have shown a low-density core that likely
corresponds to the low-velocity pathway through the melon.4
Echolocation signals are diffracted by the graded sound velocity
profile toward the low-velocity core, which provides
some focusing of the sonar beam—much as light is diffracted
while propagating through a medium with a changing index
of refraction.
Most dolphins typically emit whistle signals and brief
broadband echolocation clicks. Figure 1b illustrates such a
click, which generally has between four and eight cycles and
a duration of 40–70 μs. Peak-to-peak source levels can be very
high, from 210 to 225 dB SPL. The sound pressure level, or
SPL, decibel notation means that for the amplitude of the
peak-to-peak pressure difference p, 20 log(p/p0) is in the range
of 210–225 for a reference pressure p0 conventionally chosen
to be 1 micropascal when considering dolphins and 20 μPa
for bats. Inverting the base-10 logarithm gives a pressure of
3.2–18 × 104 Pa. When considering a ratio of pressure amplitudes,
one uses the symbol dB without further adornment.
High-intensity signals often have center frequencies of
100 kHz or more, whereas very-low-intensity signals often
have center frequencies of 30–60 kHz. Indeed, the center frequency
varies almost linearly with the signal intensity measured
in decibels.

Results (Indonesian) 1:

The shape of soundThe dolphin produces sonar signals in its nasal system byforcing air through two pairs of lips. Commonly referred toas the dorsal bursae–monkey lips complex, or phonic lips,they are situated about 3 cm below the blowhole. Figure 1ashows a computer tomography (CT) scan of the midsagittal(symmetry) plane of the dolphin. The assumed position ofthe sound source is shown below the blowhole. Signals propagatethrough the melon, which consists of “acoustic fat,” aspecial lipid material found only in the melon and the lowerjaw. Sound velocity measurements indicate a graded soundvelocity profile with low velocity near the midline of themelon and increasing velocity outward toward the melon’ssurface. CT scans have shown a low-density core that likelycorresponds to the low-velocity pathway through the melon.4Echolocation signals are diffracted by the graded sound velocityprofile toward the low-velocity core, which providessome focusing of the sonar beam—much as light is diffractedwhile propagating through a medium with a changing indexof refraction.Most dolphins typically emit whistle signals and briefbroadband echolocation clicks. Figure 1b illustrates such aclick, which generally has between four and eight cycles anda duration of 40–70 μs. Peak-to-peak source levels can be veryhigh, from 210 to 225 dB SPL. The sound pressure level, orSPL, decibel notation means that for the amplitude of thetekanan puncak ke puncak perbedaan p, 20 log(p/p0) berada dalam kisaran210-225 untuk referensi tekanan p0 konvensional dipilihmenjadi 1 micropascal ketika mempertimbangkan lumba-lumba dan 20 μPauntuk kelelawar. Membalik logaritma dasar-10 memberikan tekanan3.2 – 18 × 104 Pa. Ketika mempertimbangkan rasio amplitudo tekanan,seseorang menggunakan simbol dB tanpa lebih lanjut perhiasan.Intensitas tinggi sinyal sering memiliki pusat frekuensi100 kHz atau lebih, sedangkan sangat-intensitas rendah sinyal seringmemiliki pusat frekuensi 30 – 60 kHz. Memang, Pusat frekuensibervariasi hampir linear dengan intensitas sinyal diukurdi desibel.

Results (Indonesian) 2:

Bentuk suara
lumba-lumba yang menghasilkan sinyal sonar dalam sistem hidung sebesar
memaksa udara melalui dua pasang bibir. Biasanya disebut
sebagai dorsal bibir bursae-monyet yang kompleks, atau bibir phonic,
mereka terletak sekitar 3 cm di bawah lubang sembur. Gambar 1a
menunjukkan tomography komputer (CT) scan dari midsagittal
(simetri) bidang lumba-lumba. Posisi diasumsikan dari
sumber suara ditampilkan di bawah lubang sembur. Sinyal merambat
melalui melon, yang terdiri dari "lemak akustik," sebuah
bahan lipid khusus hanya ditemukan di melon dan rendah
rahang. Pengukuran kecepatan suara menunjukkan suara dinilai
profil kecepatan dengan kecepatan rendah dekat garis tengah
melon dan meningkatkan kecepatan luar menuju melon ini
permukaan. CT scan menunjukkan inti low-density yang mungkin
sesuai dengan jalur-kecepatan rendah melalui melon.4
sinyal Echolocation yang difraksi oleh bergradasi suara kecepatan
profil menuju inti-kecepatan rendah, yang menyediakan
beberapa fokus dari sonar balok-banyak sebagai cahaya adalah difraksi
sementara merambat melalui medium dengan indeks perubahan
bias.
Kebanyakan lumba-lumba biasanya memancarkan sinyal peluit dan singkat
klik echolocation broadband. Gambar 1b menggambarkan seperti
klik, yang umumnya memiliki antara empat dan delapan siklus dan
durasi 40-70 mikrodetik. Tingkat sumber-ke-puncak puncak bisa sangat
tinggi, 210-225 dB SPL. Tingkat tekanan suara, atau
SPL, notasi desibel berarti bahwa untuk amplitudo
puncak ke puncak perbedaan tekanan p, 20 log (p / p0) adalah dalam kisaran
dari 210-225 untuk p0 tekanan referensi konvensional yang dipilih
untuk menjadi 1 mikropascal ketika mempertimbangkan lumba-lumba dan 20 μPa
untuk kelelawar. Pembalik dasar-10 logaritma memberikan tekanan
3,2-18 × 104 Pa. Ketika mempertimbangkan rasio amplitudo tekanan,
satu menggunakan simbol dB tanpa perhiasan lanjut.
Sinyal intensitas tinggi sering memiliki frekuensi pusat
100 kHz atau lebih, sedangkan sangat sinyal-rendah intensitas sering
memiliki frekuensi pusat 30-60 kHz. Memang, frekuensi pusat
bervariasi hampir linear dengan intensitas sinyal diukur
dalam desibel.