and believed transference and resistance provided important information. She was much more optimistic about people’s ability to change their personalities than Freud was, and, unlike Freud, she believed people could solve many of their own problems. Horney’s book Self-Analysis (1942/1968) was one of the first self-help books in psychology, and it was controversial. One reason for the controversy was Freud’s contention that all analysts had to be psychoanalyzed before being qualified to treat patients.