In both studies pupils were asked whether they thought cyberbullying has more, the same, or less impact on victims than traditional bullying. An impact factor was calculated for each medium of cyberbullying, by scoring less effect¼)1, same effect¼0 and more effect¼+1, divided by total number of respondents excluding ‘don’t know’s. If an impact factor is positive, that medium is perceived as having more of an effect compared to traditional bullying; if negative, then less of an effect. Results are shown in Table 3. Using the 3-point scale,t-tests against zero baseline, and pairwise comparisons (with Bonferroni correction) were carried out; details are given in electronic appendix Table 2a,b