Each of these strategies creates opportunities to
coordinate schedules across national boundaries, further
enhancing the appeal of services connecting the Middle East.
The region’s low-cost carriers have also been innovative,
reducing short-haul fares, setting up cross-border subsidiaries,
and developing mobile booking portals to improve access
to air services. The business model is evolving as carriers
broaden offerings to include business-class seating and as
they expand networks into previously underserved areas,
such as the Commonwealth of Independent States.