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The dominant view concerning the role of the philosophy of science in anyspecial field (such as biology, LIS, nursing, physics, sociology or teaching) is probably that its role is very limited. One may ask what the relations are betweenphilosophy as a discipline and other disciplines such as LIS? One common answerto this question has been that philosophy is about theory and rational methods,while the special sciences are only concerned with empirical investigations. Thisview is obviously not true today because most theory in special fields is developedby the field itself (or inspired from other special fields in interdisciplinaryresearch) and is not imported from philosophy understood as a special discipline.In the history of science philosophy and philosophers have played a dominantposition until the time of Kant. After this period the sciences[3] became muchmore “independent”, and the cognitive authority of philosophers decreased. In thetwentieth century logical positivism became influential and admitted only a limitedrole for philosophy. The crisis in the positivist movement called for alternativessuch as more hermeneutical, pragmatic, critical and realist philosophies, which callfor a renewed consideration of the relation between philosophy and science (aswell as between sociology, history and the politics of science, among other fields).What the actual role of the discipline of philosophy is today may be furtherinvestigated by, among others, bibliometrical methods. Such methods cannot,however, describe what kinds of philosophical theory are needed as a consequenceof theoretical re-orientating within special fields such as LIS.
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