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A payment system consists of a set of instruments, bankingprocedures and, typically, interbank funds transfer systems that ensurethe circulation of money.1 In simple terms, “money” is regarded as cash(i.e., notes and coins issued by the government or central bank) or claimsagainst credit institutions in the form of deposits. The use of bank depositsto make payments has become an important medium in most developedcountries and to make a payment, the payer must issue an instruction inthe form of a paper-based instrument (e.g. a check) or an electronicinstruction (e.g. using a credit or plastic card).The effectiveness of payment activities is fully dependent on thearrangements that facilitate fund transfers between members and it isthrough these arrangements that constitute a “payment system”. PaymentSystems consist therefore of networks that link the members with existingrules and procedures for the use of this infrastructure. A Payment Systemnormally requires the following:• Standard methods of transmitting payment messages betweenmembers• Agreed means of settling claims within themembers/participants (normally through the deposits of themembers/participants with the central bank)• Common operating procedures and rules (admission, fees,operating hours)Payment systems are vital part of the economic and financialinfrastructure. Their efficient functioning, allowing transactions to becompleted safely and on time, makes a key contribution to overall
economic performance. Payment systems, however, can also involve
significant exposures to risks for members. It is for this reason that
central banks have always taken into account the design and operation of
payment systems additional control features to mitigate these risks.
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