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Students were
encouraged to learn the contents to be discussed in the classroom using mathematics software. Through the use of the software, students were expected to
be able to construct their understanding.
The studies focused on using technology in learning of content. They required a
computer laboratory, the availability of mathematics software, and skill in using
computers. If any of these conditions were not met then the implementation of the
ACE teaching cycle as applied by the above three studies would not have been
successful. We need an alternative so that the application of the ACE teaching
cycle does not depend on computer technology.
In this study, the scenario that I used to implement the ACE teaching cycle in an
Elementary Linear Algebra course involved the following three stages: (1)
Activity: Asiala, et al. (1997), Trigueros et al. (2007), and Arnawa (2006) used
mathematics programming language like ISETL and CAS Maple as students’
activities before class. In this study, I used concept maps as students’ activity
before class. Students worked together in small groups (two or three members) to
create concept maps. The main focus of this activity was to encourage students to
explore their previous knowledge in order to build new desired mental
constructions (Asiala, Cottrill, et al., 1997; Dubinsky, 2001). (2) Classroom
discussion: students used cooperative group learning. They were grouped into
permanent teams consisting of four, five, or six members each. In the group, they
discussed solving of mathematics problems. This provided a social context in
which the students could work together to solve mathematics problems. This
classroom discussion was no different from what had been done by Asiala,
Trigueros, and Arnawa. (3) Exercises: students were given homework to be
completed outside of class. There were two kinds of homework which they had to
complete traditional exercises and a reflective journal. This was different from the
three previous studies above that used traditional exercises as homework but did
not require students to complete reflective journals. In this study, students
completed traditional exercises in small groups (same groups as when they
created the concept maps), while to complete the reflective journal students wrote individually. The ACE teaching cycle is an instructional model that based on
constructivism theory. The next section will elaborate on this theory
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