Learning objectivesonce you have co

Learning objectives
once you have completed this experiment, you should
1. understand the difference between cellular respiration and fermentation.
2. be able to determine the ability of microorganisms to degrade ferment carbohydrates with the production of acid and gas.
Principles
Most microorganisms obtain their energy throught a series of orderly and integrated enzymatic rections leading to the biooxidation of a substrate, frequently a carbohydrate.the major pathways by which this is accomplished are shown in.
Organisms use carbohydrates differently depending on their enzyme complement.some organisms are capable of fermenting sugars such as glucose anaerobically, while others use the aerobic pathway.still others, facultative anaerobes,are enzymatically competent to use both aerobic an anaerobic pathways, and some organisms lack the ability to oxdize glucose by either.in this exercise the fermentative pathways are of prime concern.
in fermentation,substrates such as carbohydrates and alcohols undergo anaerobic dissimilation and produce an organic acid (for example,lactic,formic,or acetic acid) that may be accompained by gases such as hydrogen or carbon dioxide.facultative anaerobes are usually the so-called fermenters of carbohydrates.fermentation is best described by considering the degradation of glucose by way of the embden-meyerhof pathway,also known as the glycolytic pathway,illustrated in.
as the diagram shows,one mole of glucose is converted into two moles pf piruvic acid,which is the major intermediate compound produced by glucose degradation.subsequent metabolism of pyruvate is not the same for all organisms,an a variety of end products result that define their different fermentative capabilites.this can be seen in
fermentative degradation under anaerobic conditions is carried out in a fermentation broth tube containing a durham tube,an inverted inner vial for the detection of gas production as illustrated in.a typical carbohydrate fermentation medium contais
1. nutrient broth ingredients for the suppory of the growth of all organisms.
2. a spesific carbohydrate that serves as the substrate for determining the organism's fermentative capabilities.
3. the ph indicator phenol red,which is red at a neutral ph (7)and changes to yellow at a slightlyacidic ph of 6,8,indicating that slight amounts of acid will cause a color change.
the critical nature of the fermentation reaction and the activity of the indicator make it imperative that all cultures should be observed within 48 hours.extended incubation may mask acid-producing reactions by production of alkali because of enzymatic action on substrats other thann the carbohydrate.

Results (Indonesian) 1:

Tujuan pembelajaranSetelah Anda menyelesaikan percobaan ini, Anda harus1. memahami perbedaan antara respirasi seluler dan fermentasi.2. dapat menentukan kemampuan mikroorganisme untuk menurunkan memfermentasi karbohidrat dengan produksi asam dan gas.Prinsip-prinsipKebanyakan mikroorganisme memperoleh energi mereka melalui serangkaian teratur dan terpadu enzimatik rections menuju biooxidation substrat, sering carbohydrate.the jalur utama yang mana ini dicapai ditampilkan di.Organisme pemakaian karbohidrat berbeda, tergantung pada mereka enzim complement.some organisme mampu fermentasi gula seperti glukosa anaerobically, sementara orang lain menggunakan pathway.still aerobik lain, fakultatif anaerobes, enzimatik pada kompeten untuk menggunakan kedua aerobik jalur anaerobik, dan beberapa organisme kurangnya kemampuan untuk oxdize glukosa oleh either.in latihan ini jalur fermentasi adalah perhatian utama. dalam proses fermentasi, substrat seperti karbohidrat dan alkohol menjalani dissimilation anaerobik dan menghasilkan asam organik (untuk contoh, laktat, formic, atau asam asetat) yang mungkin accompained oleh gas seperti hidrogen atau karbon dioxide.facultative anaerobes biasanya disebut Fermentor dari carbohydrates.fermentation terbaik digambarkan dengan mempertimbangkan degradasi glukosa melalui jalur embden-meyerhof, juga dikenal sebagai jalur glycolytic , digambarkan dalam. as the diagram shows,one mole of glucose is converted into two moles pf piruvic acid,which is the major intermediate compound produced by glucose degradation.subsequent metabolism of pyruvate is not the same for all organisms,an a variety of end products result that define their different fermentative capabilites.this can be seen in fermentative degradation under anaerobic conditions is carried out in a fermentation broth tube containing a durham tube,an inverted inner vial for the detection of gas production as illustrated in.a typical carbohydrate fermentation medium contais1. nutrient broth ingredients for the suppory of the growth of all organisms.2. a spesific carbohydrate that serves as the substrate for determining the organism's fermentative capabilities.3. the ph indicator phenol red,which is red at a neutral ph (7)and changes to yellow at a slightlyacidic ph of 6,8,indicating that slight amounts of acid will cause a color change. the critical nature of the fermentation reaction and the activity of the indicator make it imperative that all cultures should be observed within 48 hours.extended incubation may mask acid-producing reactions by production of alkali because of enzymatic action on substrats other thann the carbohydrate.