• Make use of pairs and small groups to maximise opportunities for students to speak. Do this even in the middle of longer whole-class stages, eg ask students to break off for 30 seconds and talk in pairs about their reactions to what you’ve just been discussing and also allow them to check answers to tasks before conducting feedback .• If possible, arrange seating so that students can all see each other and talk to each other (ie circles, squares and horseshoes rather than parallel rows).• Remember that you don’t always need to be at the front of the class. Try out seating arrangements that allow the whole class to be the focus (eg you take one seat in a circle).