n practice, however, such a relationship has constraints, because each actor is dedicated to conductingtheir own tasks and roles for community managementdue to the economic and social values of the forest andits resources. Therefore, it should be kept in mind thateven though in some communities, in both indigenousforestry and community forestry, local participationseems to have been successfully obtained—and functioneffectively as a user-group-oriented management systemin decision-making and consensus—the co-operativeinterests and strategic engagements tend to be promotedby the state and the elite groups, rather than by individualinterests in terms of costs and benefits (Pokharel 1997).