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Vietnamese) 1: 
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Nguyen and Ramachandran (2006) explore the capital structure of 558 Small and 
Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) for the period 1998-2001, while Biger et al.(2008) 
explored a larger sample of 3,778 mainly unlisted enterprises for 2002-2003.
2 This body of evidence indicates that Vietnamese firms relied mostly on short-term bank loan rather than equity since equity markets were nascent in the periods covered by the research. With respect to the determinants of capital structure, commonly-observed factors in the international empirical iterature like size, profitability are applicable to Vietnam (see Section 3.1. Hypotheses ). However, the impact of growth and tangibility raised some contrasting evidence. Nguyen and Ramachandran (2006) find that firm growth is positively associated with short-term debt as high growth firms have high demand for working capital. Further, tangibility had a negative relationship with gearing. According to Nguyen and Ramachandran (2006) this is due to the dominance of short-term debt in total debt, which does not necessarily require collateral. Biger et al. (2008), add that Vietnamese banks paid more attention to liquidity than tangibility because they were mainly granting short-term loans.
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